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Glossary of Supplement Terms

Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALC) (ALCAR)
This is a molecule that occurs naturally in the brain, liver, and kidney. Natural levels of Acetyl-l-carnitine diminish as we age. Common uses for supplemental Acetyl-l-carnitine: To enhance cognition. To assist in the metabolism of food into energy. Mild mental impairment in the elderly showed a significant improvement of several performances during and after Acetyl-l-carnitine treatment. Reports indicate that Acetyl-l-carnitine may be effective in the treatment of dementia. Treated Down Syndrome patients showed statistically significant improvements of visual memory and attention both in absolute terms and in comparison with the other groups. To significantly reduce severity of depressive symptoms in the elderly. To significantly improve items measuring quality of life. Improve both spatial and temporal memory, and reduce the amount of oxidative damage to RNA in the brain's hippocampus, an area important in memory. Acetyl-l-carnitine is widely used as an energy supplement. Studies demonstrate that ALC treatment is efficacious in alleviating symptoms, particularly pain, and improving nerve fiber regeneration and vibration perception in patients with established diabetic neuropathy. It also increases sperm mobility in men. See Product 701.

Acidophilus
This is a powder form of the normal, friendly bacteria that live in our intestines (called flora). Our intestinal flora help regulate our digestion and stool patterns.  Yeast also lives in our intestines.  The yeast and the bacterial flora are constantly competing for space, and generally they keep each other in check. Sometimes, however, our bacterial flora can get depleted, such as when taking antibiotics, which  allows the yeast to overgrow and lead to a variety of problems -- thrush; yeast diaper rash; vaginal yeast infection; and diarrhea. Acidophilus supplement can help with these dysfunctions.

AD: Alzheimer’s disease
AD is a progressive brain disorder that gradually destroys a person’s memory and ability to learn, reason, make judgments, communicate and carry out daily activities. As Alzheimer’s progresses, individuals may also experience changes in personality and behavior, such as anxiety, suspiciousness or agitation, as well as delusions or hallucinations. There are a variety of supplements where research indicates some help in the delay of this disease. See Brain Boosters on our home page, as well as Selenium & Vitamin E.
           
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is considered by biologists to be the energy currency of life. It is the high-energy molecule that stores the energy we need to do just about everything we do. It is present in the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm of every cell, and essentially all the physiological mechanisms that require energy for operation obtain it directly from the stored ATP.
[See Product 905.]

ALCAR:
SEE Acetyl-L-Carnitine

Aloe Vera
Aloe Vera has been recognized for centuries for its remarkable health-enhancing properties. Although known specifically for external application to the skin, Aloe Juice is now widely used to help a variety of conditions of the digestive tract.  Research work carried out over many years points conclusively to a toxic colon being the cause of a very wide range of illnesses, from minor to very serious. It is widely recognized that problems of the bowel are on the increase with many millions of people suffering a range of conditions including colitis, diverticulitis, Crohn’s disease and spastic colon – this latter condition more commonly known as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Aloe Vera may be of assistance.

Alpha-Linolenic Acid (ALA)
A polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acid. It is a component of many common vegetable oils and is important to human nutrition. According to the Mayo Clinic, there is strong scientific evidence from human trials that omega-3 fatty acids from fish or fish oil supplements (EPA + DHA) significantly reduce blood triglyceride levels. Several well conducted randomized controlled trials report that in people with a history of heart attack, regular consumption of oily fish (200-400 grams of fish each week equal to 500-800mg of daily omega-3 fatty acids) or fish oil/omega-3 supplements (containing 850-1800mg of EPA + DHA) reduces the risk of non-fatal heart attack, fatal heart attack, sudden death, and all-cause mortality (death due to any cause). Multiple human trials report small reductions in blood pressure with intake of omega-3 fatty acids. Multiple randomized controlled trials report improvements in morning stiffness and joint tenderness with the regular intake of fish oil supplements for up to three months.[Mayo Clinic] [See Product 307.]

Alpha Lipoic Acid
Alpha lipoic acid, also known as lipoic acid is a powerful, natural antioxidant slowly becoming recognized as having some unique properties in the therapy and prevention of a broad range of diseases. In addition to being a powerful antioxidant, alpha lipoic acid helps the body use glucose, hence alpha lipoic acid's potential role in improving blood sugar control. Alpha lipoic acid reduces complications from a high sugar diet. Lipoic acid is readily absorbed from the diet or as a supplement. Alpha lipoic Acid has a variety of benefits, particularly for diabetics. [Ray Sahelian, M.D.]

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)
A progressive brain disorder that gradually destroys a person’s memory and ability to learn, reason, make judgments, communicate and carry out daily activities. As Alzheimer’s progresses, individuals may also experience changes in personality and behavior, such as anxiety, suspiciousness or agitation, as well as delusions or hallucinations. There are a variety of supplements where research indicates some help in the delay of this disease. See Brain Boosters on our home page.

Amino acids
Amino acids play central roles both as building blocks of proteins and as intermediates in metabolism. The 20 amino acids that are found within proteins convey a vast array of chemical versatility. The precise amino acid content, and the sequence of those amino acids, of a specific protein, is determined by the sequence of the bases in the gene that encodes that protein. The chemical properties of the amino acids of proteins determine the biological activity of the protein. Proteins not only catalyze all (or most) of the reactions in living cells, they control virtually all cellular process. In addition, proteins contain within their amino acid sequences the necessary information to determine how that protein will fold into a three dimensional structure, and the stability of the resulting structure. See Product 203.

Amylase
An enzyme having physiological, commercial, and historical significance, also called diastase. It is found in both plants and animals. Amylase hydrolyzes starch , glycogen , and dextrin to form in all three instances glucose , maltose , and the limit-dextrins. Salivary amylase is known as ptyalin; although humans have this enzyme in their saliva.

Angelica
A plant whose root stalks, leaves and fruit possess carminative, stimulant, diaphoretic, stomachic, tonic and expectorant properties, which are strongest in the fruit, though the whole plant has the same virtues. Angelica is a good remedy for colds, coughs, pleurisy, wind, colic, rheumatism and diseases of the urinary organs, though it should not be given to patients who have a tendency towards diabetes, as it causes an increase of sugar in the urine. It is generally used as a stimulating expectorant, combined with other expectorants the action of which is facilitated, and to a large extent diffused, through the whole of the pulmonary region. It is a useful agent for feverish conditions.

Anthocyanin
Anthocyanins are members of a class of nearly universal, water-soluble, terrestrial plant pigments that can be classified chemically as both flavonoid and phenolic. They are found in most land plants, with the exception of the cacti and the group containing the beet. They contribute colors to flowers and other plant parts ranging from shades of red through crimson and blue to purple, including yellow and colorless. They assist in good health and are strong antioxidants.

Anticoagulant
Any agent used to prevent the formation of blood clots. Anticoagulants have various uses. Some are used for the prevention or the treatment of thromboembolic disorders. Thrombi are clots. Emboli are clots that break free, travel through the bloodstream, and lodge therein.

Anti-inflammatory
Non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (also called NSAIDs) are used to relieve some symptoms caused by arthritis (rheumatism), such as inflammation, swelling, stiffness, and joint pain. However, this medicine does not cure arthritis and will help you only as long as you continue to take it. Some of these medicines are also used to relieve other kinds of pain or to treat other painful conditions, such as: gout attacks; bursitis; tendonitis; sprains, strains, or other injuries; or menstrual cramps. There are safe supplements that act as anti-inflammatory. See Joint and Anti-Inflammatory Section.
           
Antioxidant
An enzyme or other organic molecule that can counteract the damaging effects of oxygen in cells and tissues, although the term technically applies to molecules reacting with oxygen, it is often applied to molecules that protect from any free radical (molecule with unpaired electron).
[See antioxidant products.]

Antithrombogenic
That which alleviates or inhibits the formation of blood clots. Green tea is an excellent source.

Apoptosis
A process of deliberate life relinquishment by a cell in a multi-cellular organism--in other words, the normal process of cell death. It is one of the main types of programmed cell death (PCD), and involves an orchestrated series of biochemical events leading to a characteristic cell morphology and death. The apoptotic process is executed in such a way as to safely dispose of cell corpses and fragments. In contrast to necrosis, which is a form of cell death that results from acute cellular injury, apoptosis is carried out in an orderly process that generally confers advantages during an organism's life cycle. For example, the differentiation of fingers and toes in a developing human embryo requires cells between the fingers to initiate apoptosis so that the digits can separate.

Apple pectin
As a dietary fiber, apple pectin is helpful in maintaining good digestive health. Apple pectin is a general intestinal regulator that is used in many medicinal preparations, especially as an anti-diarrhea agent. Researchers at the University of California, Davis, found that apple pectin also acts as an antioxidant against the damaging portion of cholesterol in the blood stream. Research in Japan supports that apple pectin can also decrease the chances of colon cancer. Apple pectin helps maintain intestinal balance by cleansing the intestinal tract with its soluble and insoluble fibers. Apple pectin tends to increase acidity in the large intestines and is advocated for those suffering from ulcer or colitis and for regulating blood pressure. Pectin is also effective in causing regressions in and preventing gallstones. There is also evidence that the regular use of apple pectin may lessen the severity of diabetes.

Arachidic Acid
Arachidic acid also called eicosanoic acid is a saturated fatty acid found in peanut oil. Arachidic acid is present in the membranes of the body's cells and is highly enriched in the brain. Essential fatty acids govern growth, vitality and mental state. When the diet cannot provide these necessary nutrients, an essential fatty acid supplement should be taken to ensure wellbeing.

Arteries
The heart pumps blood out through one main artery called the dorsal aorta. The main artery then divides and branches out into many smaller arteries so that each region of your body has its own system of arteries supplying it with fresh, oxygen-rich blood. Arteries are tough on the outside and smooth on the inside. An artery actually has three layers: an outer layer of tissue, a muscular middle, and an inner layer of epithelial cells. The muscle in the middle is elastic and very strong. The inner layer is very smooth so that the blood can flow easily with no obstacles in its path. The muscular wall of the artery helps the heart pump the blood. When the heart beats, the artery expands as it fills with blood. When the heart relaxes, the artery contracts, exerting a force that is strong enough to push the blood along. This rhythm between the heart and the artery results in an efficient circulation system. You can actually feel your artery expand and contract. Since the artery keeps pace with the heart, we can measure heart rate by counting the contractions of the artery. That's how we take our pulse. The arteries deliver the oxygen-rich blood to the capillaries where the actual exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs. The capillaries then deliver the waste-rich blood to the veins for transport back to the lungs and heart. [Franklin Institute]

Arthritis
Arthritis is inflammation of one or more joints, which results in pain, swelling, and limited movement. Arthritis involves the breakdown of cartilage. Cartilage normally protects the joint, allowing for smooth movement. Cartilage also absorbs shock when pressure is placed on the joint, like when you walk. Without the usual amount of cartilage, the bones rub together, causing pain, swelling (inflammation), and stiffness. You may have joint inflammation for a variety of reasons, including: broken bone; infection (usually caused by bacteria or viruses);  an autoimmune disease (the body attacks itself because the immune system believes a body part is foreign); general "wear and tear" on joints. Often, the inflammation goes away after the injury has healed, the disease is treated, or the infection has been cleared. Arthritis can occur in men and women of all ages. About 37 million people in America have arthritis of some kind, which is almost 1 out of every 7 people. [See joint & anti-inflammatory products.]

Ascorbic acid
SEE Vitamin C.

Ascorbyl palmitate
Used as an antioxidant in foods, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics, and is also used as a preservative for the natural oils, oleates, fragrances, colors, vitamins and other edible oils and waxes which are used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and foods. Ascorbyl palmitate is marketed as a nutritional supplement and claimed by some to be a superior delivery form of Vitamin C.

Ashwagandha
Also known as Indian Winter Cherry, this is a shrub cultivated in India and North America whose roots have been used for thousands of years by Ayurvedic practitioners. Ashwagandha root contains flavonoids and many active ingredients of the withanolide class. Several studies over the past few years have looked into whether ashwagandha has anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-stress, antioxidant, mind-boosting, immune-enhancing, and rejuvenating properties. Historically ashwagandha root has also been noted to have sex-enhancing properties. (Ray Sahelian, M.D.) See Indian Ginseng

Aspartate
An essential amino acid. As a neurotransmitter, aspartic acid may provide resistance to fatigue and thus lead to endurance.

Astragalus
Astragalus (Astragalus membranaceus) has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years to promote the discharge of urine, lower blood pressure, and increase endurance. Clinically, it is used primarily for general digestive disorders such as diarrhea, gas, and bloating, as well as chronic phlegm production. This herb is also used for its immune enhancing properties, especially for the prevention and treatment of the common cold and chronic hepatitis. [University of Maryland Medical Center.]

Atherosclerosis
Lesions or plaques inside the arteries. Flavonoids, including green tea, have been shown to retard this dysfunction in humans and animals.

ATP
Adenosine triphosphate. It is the major energy currency of the cell, providing the energy for most of the energy consuming activities of the cell. [See Product 905.]

Avena sativa
Avena sativa is the scientific name for the grass commonly known as oats. Avena sativa has been used medicinally since the middle ages. Some anecdotal evidence from users indicates avena sativa to be a mild and gentle sexual enhancer, but not as potent as tribulus terrestris, tongkat ali, horny goat weed, and other sex herbs. Avena sativa therefore may be a good herb to use in combination with stronger aphrodisiac herbs.

Avocado Soybean Unsaponifiables
Avocado/soybean unsaponifiables are one of the most promising arthritis remedies. Four high-quality clinical trials suggest that avocado/soybean unsaponifiables, an extract made from avocado and soybean oils, can improve the pain and stiffness of knee and hip osteoarthritis and reduce the need for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). It appears to decrease inflammation and stimulate cartilage-repair. In France, avocado/soybean unsaponifiables have been approved as a prescription drug .

Compiled by Good Health Group of America, LLC

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Bacopa monnieri (bacosides, leaf)
In the folklore of Indian medicine, several herbs have been used traditionally as brain or nerve tonics. One of the most popular of these neurotonics is Bacopa monnieri, a well-known memory booster. Bacopa monnieri is a commonly found Indian herb commonly given to infants to boost memory power intelligence, and mental health. Bacopa monnieri is also called Brahmi, a name derived from Brahma, the creator god of the Hindu pantheon of deities. It is celebrated for its diversity of usage. It is said that the use of Bacopa monnieri for memory enhancement goes back 3000 years or more in India, when it was cited for its medicinal properties, especially the memory-enhancing capacity.

Bacopin
(Also known as Brahmi.)  Bacopin repairs damaged neurons by adding muscle to kinase, the protein inbolbed in the synthesis of new neurons to replace old ones. This increases synaptic activity thus restoring memory. Bacopin increases energy metabolism indirectly leading to enhanced alertness, awareness and cognition. It also increases mellowed emotions and relaxed smartness. [See Product 701.]

Barley Grass
Barley grass is one of the green grasses - the only vegetation on the earth that can supply sole nutritional support from birth to old age. Barley has served as a food staple in most cultures. The use of barley for food and medicinal purposes dates to antiquity. Agronomists place this ancient cereal grass as being cultivated as early as 7000 BC. Roman gladiators ate barley for strength and stamina. Astounding amounts of vitamins and minerals are found in green barley leaves.
 
Barley Juice
This supplement may help maintain whole body health and maintain a healthy immune system. Provides increased energy. A unique and powerful plant antioxidant.

Bee Pollen
Many claim that Bee pollen rejuvenates the body, stimulates organs and glands, enhances vitality, and brings about a longer life span. Bee pollen's ability to consistently and noticeably increase energy levels makes it a favorite substance among many world class athletes and those interested in sustaining and enhancing quality performance
           
Beet Extract
According to the University of Wisconsin, beet extract may help prevent certain cancers.
           
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)
It is common for the prostate gland to become enlarged as a man ages. Doctors call this condition benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), or benign prostatic hypertrophy. As a man matures, the prostate goes through two main periods of growth. The first occurs early in puberty, when the prostate doubles in size. At around age 25, the gland begins to grow again. This second growth phase often results, years later, in BPH. Though the prostate continues to grow during most of a man's life, the enlargement doesn't usually cause problems until late in life. BPH rarely causes symptoms before age 40, but more than half of men in their sixties and as many as 90 percent in their seventies and eighties have some symptoms of BPH. [See Product 601.]

Beta Glucan
Beta Glucan is primarily cultured extract of Baker's Yeast cell wall. It is used as an immuno-stimulant. What glucans seem to do is stimulate/irritate your white blood cells called macro-phages into action. There is actually beta glucan receptors displayed by immune cells that the lectin fits right into like a lock and key and switches on or activates the macrophage to do its job. Increased macrophage activity triggers a whole cascade of immune events, which basically boost immune response, which improves resistance. It also stimulates the production of immune cells
.
Beta-carotene
SEE: Vitamin A. This is the “good” Vitamin A, since the body gets rid of what it doesn’t need, and does not store up like other forms of Vitamin A (preformed), which can be harmful in large doses (more than 10-15,000 IU.)  When taking Vitamin A, make sure at least 50% is in the form of beta-carotene. When it comes to nutritional supplementation and antioxidants in particular, beta carotene is an anti-aging micronutrient of the highest order, standing firmly alongside Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and the mineral selenium in its ability to reduce illness, improve overall health, and increase longevity. Studies conducted over several years indicate that beta-carotene may play a significant role in reducing the effects of certain illnesses (such as heart disease, decreased immune function, cataracts, and forms of cancer) and, in certain cases, perhaps even prevent them. Beta-carotene acts as a precursor of vitamin A, and is therefore called a pro-vitamin A compound. Foods or supplements containing beta-carotene are converted to vitamin A for the maintenance of healthy skin, good vision, and a robust immune system. Beta-carotene is also a powerful antioxidant, and has been shown to help guard against cancer and heart disease.

Betaine-HCl
Betaine hydrochloride is a non-essential nutrient and a source of hydrochloric acid, a naturally occurring chemical in the stomach that helps digest food by breaking up fats and proteins. In particular, Betaine HCl is necessary for adequate absorption of protein, calcium, vitamin B12 and iron. It is also known as hydrochloric acid and stomach acid. The low pH of the stomach's hydrochloric acid also destroys ingested bacteria and microorganisms. Betaine HCL is a supplement that contains hydrochloric acid. Do not exceed the recommended dosage, as betaine HCL may damage the stomach lining. [See Product 202.]

Beta-sitosterol
Beta-sitosterol is the most abundant steroid alcohols in the diet and is a concentrated form of saw palmetto. It is also widely distributed in the plant kingdom and found in such botanicals as Serenoa repens (saw palmetto), Curcurbita pepo (pumpkin seed) and Pygeum africanum. These three botanicals are used in the herbal management of benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH). Beta-sitosterol itself is used as a medicine in Europe for BPH.It has also shown to help support good cholesterol levels. [See Product 601.]   

Bifidobacterium  lactis
This is a probiotic, one of several live microorganisms that may beneficially affect the host upon ingestion by improving the balance of the intestinal microflora. Bifidobacteria maintains a healthy balance of intestinal flora by producing organic compounds—such as lactic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and acetic acid—that increase the acidity of the intestine and inhibit the reproduction of many harmful bacteria. Probiotic bacteria also produce substances called bacteriocins, which act as natural antibiotics to kill undesirable microorganisms.

Bifidobacterium longum
B. longum keeps the digestive system running smoothly, blocks the growth of harmful bacteria, and boosts the immune system. The organism ferments sugars into lactic acid and has many health benefits for humans and is often the dominant bacterium found in humans.

Bilberry 
(Vaccinium myrtillus)…a shrub. Bilberry leaves have traditionally been used to control blood sugar levels in people with diabetes. A couple of modern day reports of a few individuals with type 2 (adult onset) diabetes as well as animal studies suggest that this traditional use may have merit. Bilberry fruits contain flavonoid compounds called anthocyanidins. Flavonoids are plant pigments that have excellent antioxidant properties. Some experts propose that bilberry may relieve the symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome because of its antioxidant properties. Studies in rats have found that anthocyanidins from bilberry fruits help prevent stomach ulcers. Bilberry is also suggested for eye care to help prevent the formation of cataracts. [See Product 204.]

Bioavailability
How quickly and completely a nutrient can be absorbed and used by the body
.

Bioflavonoid
Any of various biologically active flavonoids (as hesperidin and quercetin) derived from plants and found especially in fruits and vegetables (as citrus fruits). Important for the maintenance of the walls of small blood vessels in mammals.

Biotin
Biotin, a member of the B-vitamin family, is an essential nutrient in human nutrition.

Black Cohosh
The herb Black Cohosh, or Actaea racemosa is native to North America. The roots and rhizomes of this herb are widely used in the treatment of menopausal symptoms and menstrual dysfunction. Studies have demonstrated that this botanic medicine, when standardized properly to the terpene glycoside fraction, appears to be effective in alleviating menopausal symptoms. Adverse effects are extremely uncommon. [American Family Physician.]  A recent test in 2006 showed that it was only slightly more effective than a placebo. See Product 301.  Product 305.

Bladderwrack
Scientifically called, Fucus vesiculosus,this is a seaweed found on the coasts of the North Sea, the western Baltic Sea, and the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, also known by the common names black tang, rockweed, bladder Fucus, sea oak, black tany, cut weed and rock wrack. It was the original source of iodine, discovered in 1811, and was used extensively to treat goitre, a swelling of the thyroid gland related to iodine deficiency. In the 1860s, it was claimed that bladder wrack, as a thyroid stimulant, could counter obesity by increasing the metabolic rate and, since then, it has been featured in numerous weight-loss remedies. (Wikipedia.) See Thyroid Health.

Blood glucose levels
The blood sugar level is the amount of glucose (sugar) in the blood. It is also known as serum glucose level. (See Glucose Control)

Blueberry fruit
Scientists have discovered many health benefits from eating blueberries. They are one of the richest sources of antioxidants of the fruits and vegetables that have been studied.

Boron
Recent research supports the use of boron for the promotion of bone and joint health.

BPH
SEE: Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Brahmi
SEE: Bacopin

Broccoli
Broccoli contains generous amounts of folic acid, which may prevent some birth defects and be beneficial in warding off heart disease, strokes and some cancers. Broccoli contains a special ITC, called sulforaphane.  Sulforaphane, in addition to stimulating the enzymes which act in Phase II of detoxification in the liver, plays a role in gastrointestinal health and supports normal cell growth and division.  Broccoli contains a higher concentration of sulforaphane than any other vegetable.  [See Product 201.]

Bromelain
Found in the pineapple plant, this nutrient has many possible uses and may provide relief from swelling, bruising, healing time, and pain following surgery and physical injuries; useful in removing dead tissue from third-degree burns (particularly burns that go through all layers of the skin). It may help suppress cough, reduce nasal mucus associated with sinusitis, and relieve the swelling and inflammation caused by hay fever; promote and maintain proper digestion and may relieve symptoms of stomach upset or heartburn; may be as effective as some commonly used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) medications (such as ibuprofen and diclofenac) for reducing pain associated with osteoarthritis. Similarly, preliminary studies suggest that bromelain may also help reduce the pain associated with rheumatoid arthritis. It can fight against infectious agents such as viruses and bacteria; and may help breakdown amyloid deposits in kidney tissue. [See Product 3303.]
           
Buchu Leaves
For hundreds of years, these leaves have been used to treat stomach troubles.

Buckthorn
The berries of this plant contain Vitamin C, Vitamin E, carotenoids, fatty acids (omega 3,6,7, 9) and flavonoids. [See Product 802.]

Buffered Ascorbates
Vitamin C in a buffered mixture to prevent any possible stomach upset.

 

Bupleurum

Bupleurum Root is used for relieving menstrual irregularities.  In herbal medicine, bupleurum is used to treat spasms, depression, and the treatment of chronic hepatitis, enlarged liver or spleen, chemical liver damage, liver stasis or liver congestion, depression and irregular menstruation. It is cited as an herb that increases protein synthesis in the liver, and reduces inflammation by inhibiting prostaglandin production.

Burdock (Arctium lappa)
This plant and its root system have historically been used as a diuretic and blood purifier, but is mostly used to improve hair strength, shine and body, help reverse scalp conditions, and combat hair loss. It is used as a natural hair oil to help get rid of scalp itching and dandruff, promote healing of skin and scalp conditions. Modern studies indicate that Burdock root oil extract is rich in phytosterols and essential fatty acids (including rare long chain EFAs), the nutrients required to maintain healthy scalp and promote natural hair growth. Regular use of Burdock oil helps restore and maintain healthy scalp and hair. The oil helps combat scalp itching, redness and dandruff, and promotes recovery of scalp irritation. It combines immediate relieving effect with nutritional support of normal functions of sebaceous glands and hair follicles.

Compiled by Good Health Group of America, LLC

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

C. A. Mey(er)
Cardaria pubescens: a deep-rooted perennial herb.

Calcium (as citrate)
Calcium is best absorbed in an acidic environment, hence calcium citrate is the best absorbed supplemental form of calcium. It does not require extra stomach acid for absorption, hence you may take it anytime in a day, even on an empty stomach. Calcium Citrate usually provides less elemental calcium per pill than Calcium Carbonate, therefore one may need to take a relatively more numbers of pills per day to meet the needs. Calcium Citrate is usually small in capsule form. If you suffer from acid stomach, it is best to avoid Calcium Citrate. [See Product 2201.]

Calcium carbonate
Used as an antacid and calcium replenisher and in the treatment of osteoporosis.
           
Calorie
Expresses the heat output of an organism. A quantity of food capable of producing a calorie or calories.

CAM
Complementary alternative medicine.
             
Camellia sinensis
This is the Latin name for the tea plant species whose leaves and leaf buds are used to produce tea. White tea, green tea, oolong and black tea are all harvested from this species, but are processed differently to attain different levels of oxidation. [See Product 101.]

Carbohydrate
Any of a group of organic compounds that includes sugars, starches, celluloses, and gums and serves as a major energy source in the diet of animals. These compounds are produced by photosynthetic plants and contain only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Simple carbs produce quick energy and are found in sugars, such as sucrose, glucose, fructose & lactose --mostly found in soda, cookies, and fruit. Complex carbs are found in bread, pasta, and potatoes.
[See Pro-PCA Fuel for Athletes.]
           
Carcinogenic
Any substance that produces cancer.

Carminative
A digestive agent that is believed to support the digestion system, relieving gas and stomach discomfort.

Carotenoids
Carotenoids are a highly colored (red, orange, and yellow) group of fat-soluble plant pigments. All organisms, whether bacteria or plants, that rely on the sun for energy contain carotenoids. Their antioxidant effects enable these compounds to play a crucial role in protecting organisms against damage during photosynthesis—the process of converting sunlight into chemical energy.

Carpal tunnel syndrome
Carpal tunnel syndrome occurs when the median nerve, which runs from the forearm into the hand, becomes pressed or squeezed at the wrist. The median nerve controls sensations to the palm side of the thumb and fingers (although not the little finger), as well as impulses to some small muscles in the hand that allow the fingers and thumb to move. See Vitamin B6 as treatment. [See Product 408.]

Carrageenans or carrageenins

These are a family of linear sulphated polysaccharides extracted from red seaweeds. It is used as a thickener and stabilizer in a wide range of food products

Cascara sagrada
A bark that tends to relieve constipation, colon disorders, liver problems, poor digestion, colitis, hemorrhoids and skin problems.

 

Cat's Claw
The active substances in Cat's Claw are alkaloids, tannins and several other phytochemicals. Some of the alkaloids have been proven to boost the immune system. The major alkaloid rhynchophylline has anti-hypertensive effects and may reduce the risk of stroke and heart attack by lowering blood pressure, increasing circulation, reducing heart rate and controlling cholesterol.Other constituents contribute anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anticancer properties. Many treatments combine the herb with different plants and natural products to increase the absorption and bioavailability. (Herbal Information Center.)

Cataracts
A cataract is a clouding of the natural lens, the part of the eye responsible for focusing light and producing clear, sharp images. The lens is contained in a sealed bag or capsule. As old cells die they become trapped within the capsule. Over time, the cells accumulate causing the lens to cloud, making images look blurred or fuzzy. For most people, cataracts are a natural result of aging. See Bilberry for treatment. [See Product 204.]

Catechins
Pronounced: Ca-ta-kins. They are flavonoid phytochemical compounds that appear predominantly in green tea. Smaller amounts of catechins are also in black tea, grapes, wine, and chocolate. Four polyphenol catechins in green tea include gallocatechin (GC), epigallocatechin (EGC), epicatechin (EC), and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). Because of their potent antioxidant capabilities, catechins, often referred to as "tea flavonoids," are being investigated for their ability to prevent cancer and heart disease. In experimental models, catechins show a wide range of protective effects, including cardio-protective, chemo-protective, and anti-microbial properties. [See Product 101.]

Cathartic
An agent with a strong laxative effect.

Cayenne
Many herbalists believe that Cayenne is the most useful and valuable herb in the herb kingdom, not only for the entire digestive system, but also for the heart and circulatory system. It acts as a catalyst and increases the effectiveness of other herbs when used with them. Cayenne is a medicinal and nutritional herb.  It is a very high source of Vitamins A and C, has the complete B complexes, and is very rich in organic calcium and potassium, which is one of the reasons it is good for the heart.

Cell Senescence
The aging of individual cells.

Cellulase
Any of several enzymes produced chiefly by fungi, bacteria, and protozoans that catalyze the hydrolysis of cellulose.

Cellulose
A common material in plant cell walls. Cellulose is a long chain of linked sugar molecules that gives wood its remarkable strength. It is the main component of plant cell walls, and the basic building block for many textiles and for paper. Cotton is the purest natural form of cellulose. In the laboratory, ashless filter paper is a source of nearly pure cellulose.

Cetyl-myristoleate (CMO)
CMO may lower blood sedimentation rates in lupus patients reverses lung inflammation in emphysema; lower the need for insulin in diabetics; reverse prostate inflammation; relieve certain symptoms of multiple sclerosis; help lessen the effects of Crohn’s disease; reverse fibromyalgia; reverse lung damage in sarcoidosis patients; lowers high blood pressure yet elevates low blood pressure; and benefit virtually any ailment with autoimmune components.
[See Product 404.]

Cha de Bugre
(Pronouned cha de boo-grey), Cha de Bugre is an herbal supplement from Brazil, where it is used for weight loss, as a diuretic, and as a heart tonic. Research has identified Cha de Bugre as containing caffeine, potassium, allantoin, and allantoic acid. Japanese studies have explored cha de bugre's possbile role in fighting cancer. Cha de Bugre promotes weight loss by reducing appetite and by assisting in the metabolism of carbohydrates. In addition, cha de bugre supports energy by providing a jolt of caffeine. The mineral potassium is essential for heart health.
See product 909)

Chamomile
Chamomile is one of the oldest garden herbs, whose reputation as a medicinal plant shows little signs of abatement. Considered a universal remedy by the ancient Egyptians, Chamomile continues to be used today to battle illness, promote calm and relieve anxiety at bedtime. May help reduce high homocysteine levels (cause for severe coronary disease). May help: Anemia. Asthma. Gallstones. Indigestion and heartburn.  Rheumatoid arthritis. Thyroid conditions. Arteriosclerosis. Diarrhea. Food allergies. [See Sleepy Time.]

Chelate
To remove a heavy metal, such as lead or mercury, from the bloodstream by means of a chelate, such as EDTA.

Chlorella
A single cell algae plant thought to detoxify your body; improve the digestive system, including decreasing constipation; focus mentally more clearly and for greater duration; promote a healthy pH balance and help freshen breath.

Chloride
Essential for a proper functioning central nervous system.

Cholecalciferol
SEE Vitamin D3

Cholesterol
Cholesterol is a soft, waxy substance found among the lipids (fats) in the bloodstream and in all the body's cells. It's an important part of a healthy body because it's used to form cell membranes, some hormones and is needed for other functions. But a high level of cholesterol in the blood — hypercholesterolemia — is a major risk factor for coronary heart disease, which leads to heart attack. Cholesterol and other fats can't dissolve in the blood. They have to be transported to and from the cells by special carriers called lipoproteins. There are several kinds, but the ones to focus on are low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL).
[See Product 403.]

Choline
This biological compound is very important in forming acetyl-choline, which is essential for the electrical conduction of nerve impulse in the body’s entire nervous system. Choline may help those with neuro-logical disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Huntington’s chorea; and those taking longterm anti-schizophrenic medicines.

Choline Citrate
Choline helps the body metabolize fat and cholesterol. Nutritionists have also found that Choline may help make your mood better, increase learning ability and improve memory, especially during the golden years of life.

Chromium (as picolinate)
Taken to control weight, but do not take excessive amounts of this supplement.

Chromium GTF
GTF Chromium is a trace mineral that plays an important role in regulating blood sugar levels. Each "glucose tolerance factor (GTF)" molecule, a hormone like compound, requires chromium as its central atom. GTF works with insulin to transport glucose from the blood into the cells. When this function is not working properly, the cells resist insulin and do not properly absorb the glucose needed for energy.

Chondroitin
Chondroitin sulfate is part of a large protein molecule that gives cartilage elasticity and thus assists in treating joint pain. It is extracted from animal cartilage, such as tracheas or shark cartilage. If you are taking chondroitin sulfate in addition to a blood-thinning medication or daily aspirin therapy, have your blood clotting time checked more often. This supplement is similar in structure to the blood-thinning drug heparin, and the combination may cause bleeding in some people. [See Product 404.]

Cloves
Traditional Chinese physicians have long used cloves to treat indigestion, diarrhea, hernia, and ringworm, as well as athlete's foot and other fungal infections. India's traditional Ayurvedic healers have used Cloves since ancient times to treat respiratory and digestive ailments. The medieval German herbalists used cloves as part of anti-gout mixture. Early American eclectic physicians used cloves to treat digestive complaints, and they added it to bitter herbal medicines to make them more palatable. They were also the first to extract clove oil from the herbal buds, which they used on the gums to relieve toothache. A few drops of the oil in water will stop vomiting, and an infusion will relieve nausea.

Coleus forskohlii
This is a botanical that has been used since ancient times in Hindu and Ayurvedic traditional medicine. The root portion of the plant has been traditionally used for medicinal purposes and contains the active constituent, forskolin. Forskolin was named after the Finnish botanist, Forskal. Historically, it has been used to treat hypertension, congestive heart failure, eczema, colic, respiratory disorders, painful urination, insomnia, and convulsions. Clinical studies of the plant and the forskolin constituent support these traditional uses, but also indicate it may have therapeutic benefit in asthma, angina, psoriasis, and prevention of cancer metastases.

Cordyceps mycelia
Cordyceps, one of the better-known traditional Chinese medicines, consists of the dried fungus Cordyceps sinensis growing on the larva of the caterpillar. It is commonly used in China for the replenishment of general body health. Cordyceps has a broad range of pharmacological and biological actions on the liver, kidneys, heart, and immune system. One of the known pharmacological effects is its anti-oxidation activity.

CMO
SEE: Cetyl-myristoleate

CNS
The central nervous system, including the brain.

CoEnzyme Q-10
According to the Mayo Clinic, CoEnzyme Q10 may have beneficial effects for high blood pressure (hypertension). Preliminary research suggests that CoQ10 causes small decreases in blood pressure (systolic and possibly diastolic). Low blood levels of CoQ10 have been found in people with hypertension, although it is not clear if CoQ10 "deficiency" is a cause of high blood pressure. It is not known what dose is safe or effective. CoQ10 is less commonly used to treat hypertension than it is for other heart conditions such as congestive heart failure. Well designed long-term research is needed to strengthen this recommendation. Promising preliminary evidence from human research suggests that CoQ10 supplements may slow down, but not cure, dementia in people with Alzheimer's disease. Additional well designed studies are needed to confirm this result before a firm recommendation can be made. Preliminary small human studies suggest that CoQ10 may reduce angina and improve exercise tolerance in people with clogged heart arteries. Better studies are needed before a firm recommendation can be made. Several studies in women with breast cancer report reduced levels of CoQ10 in diseased breast tissue or blood. It has been suggested by some researchers that raising CoQ10 levels with supplements might be helpful. [See Product 107.]
           
Cohosh
The herb Black Cohosh, or Actaea racemosa, is native to North America. The roots and rhizomes of this herb are widely used in the treatment of menopausal symptoms and menstrual dysfunction. Studies have demonstrated that this botanic medicine, when standardized properly to the terpene glycoside fraction, appears to be effective in alleviating menopausal symptoms. Adverse effects are extremely uncommon. [American Family Physician.]  A recent test in 2006 showed that it was only slightly more effective than a placebo. [See Product 305.]

Collagen
The most important building block in the entire animal world -- it is the tie that binds the animal kingdom together. Life is a string of complex molecules -- polymers. Nature's most abundant protein polymer is collagen. More than a third of the body's protein is collagen, which makes up 75% of our skin. It acts as scaffolding for our bodies; it controls cell shape and differentiation. It’s why broken bones regenerate and wounds heal; and why blood vessels grow to feed healing areas. The collagen mesh provides the blueprint, the road map and the way. Collagen is the fibrous protein constituent of skin, cartilage, bone, and other connective tissue

Copper
Copper, a mineral, is necessary (along with iron) for the formation of hemoglobin. It also helps keep bones, blood vessels, and nerves healthy.

Cortisol
An important hormone in the body, it is secreted by the adrenal glands and involved in the following functions: proper glucose metabolism; regulation of blood pressure; insulin release for blood sugar maintenance; immune function; and inflammatory response.

Cranberry
Packed with nutrients like antioxidants and other natural compounds, cranberries are a great choice for the health conscious consumer. Historically, cranberry fruits and leaves were used for a variety of problems, such as wounds, urinary disorders, diarrhea, diabetes, stomach ailments, and liver problems. Recently, cranberry products have been used in the hope of preventing or treating urinary tract infections or Helicobacter pylori infections that can lead to stomach ulcers, or to prevent dental plaque. Cranberry has also been reported to have antioxidant and anticancer activity.

Creatine
A nitrogenous organic acid that naturally occurs in vertebrates and helps to supply energy to muscle cells.Used as a muscle builder in sports.

Croscarmellose sodium
This is a cross linked polymer of carboxymethyl cellulose sodium. Cross linking makes it an insoluble, hydrophilic, highly absorbent material, resulting in excellent swelling properties and its unique fibrous nature gives it excellent water wicking capabilities. Croscarmellose sodium provides superior drug dissolution and disintegration characteristics, thus improving bioavailability of formulations.  

Cryptoxanthin
Cryptoxanthin, also known as beta-cryptoxanthin, is a member of the carotenoid family, a group of flavonoids that provide color and flavor to fruits and vegetables. Carotenoids are proven antioxidants, and their role in protecting the body from free-radical damage has been well established. Although some carotenoids, such as alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, and lycopene, have been the subject of exhaustive research, scientists are just beginning to explore the possible benefits provided by cryptoxanthin. Like alpha- and beta-carotene, cryptoxanthin is a powerful antioxidant that can be converted to active retinol, or vitamin A, in the body. Vitamin A is crucial to the maintenance of healthy vision, reproduction, and body tissues. Recent studies have shown that cryptoxanthin may also play an important role in preventing some forms of cancer.

Cyanocobalamin
A synthetic (man-made) form of vitamin B12. Vitamin B12 is important for growth, cell reproduction, blood formation, and protein and tissue synthesis. Cyanocobalamin is used to treat pernicious anemia, nutritional vitamin B12 deficiency, malabsorption of vitamin B12, and other cases of vitamin B12 deficiency.
         

Cytokines
A group of proteins and peptides that are used in organisms as signaling compounds. These chemical signals are similar to hormones and neurotransmitters and are used to allow one cell to communicate with another.

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Daidzein
Daidzein belongs to the isoflavone class of flavonoids. It is also classified as a phyto-estrogen since it is a plant-derived non-steroidal compound that possesses estrogen-like biological activity. Daidzein has been found to have both weak estrogenic and weak anti-estrogenic effects. It may have anti-tumor activity, including prostate, colon, pancreas, cervix, and breast.

Daily Value (DV)
A measurement found on Supplement Facts that reports the specific micro-nutrients and other key dietary components per serving stated as a percent of daily requirements.

d-alpha toco.
SEE Vitamin E

Damiana
Extract of the shrub which acts as a mild purgative, diuretic, tonic, acting directly on the reproductive organs, stimulant, and aphrodisiac.

Dandelion Root
The dandelion root may act as a blood and kidney cleaner and tonic, as well as a diuretic. It can be used as a general cleansing stimulant for the liver. Both the dried leaves and the dried and powdered root are used as a bitter tea, which is used for any malfunction of the liver. Fresh dandelion leaves or dried root are valuable additions to a diet for people with diabetes and hepatitis.

DHA
It is a major component of fish oil. Omega-3 DHA ‘docosahexaenoic acid’ is an essential fatty acid, which cannot be manufactured in our body and must be obtained daily through our diets.  DHA is the most complex form of Omega-3 and is difficult to include in the diet as only few foods contain a significant amount.  Omega-3 DHA is important for the whole family. It’s helpful to the newborn infant’s brain development and visual acuity; for maintenance of adult mental agility and hand-eye co-ordination. Recent evidence links lack of Omega-3 DHA levels to disorders such as schizophrenia, depression, dyslexia, dyspraxia, Alzheimer’s and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADD), and cardiovascular disease. Research continues in relation to Omega-3 DHA and its positive effects on  asthma, allergies, psoriasis, cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, and obesity.

DHEA   (Dehydroepiandrosterone)
This is a precursor of both male and female sex hormones and helps to regulate the immune system. The body production of this hormone decreases at about 20-30 years of age. The hormone DHEA made in the adrenal gland has shown promise in reversing some of the changes in body composition that accompany aging. It increases bone density and skin thickness and tone, and also decreases abdominal fat in elderly men and women. Abdominal fat is more of a health risk than fat elsewhere in the body because it is associated with metabolic syndrome and increased risk of heart attack and stroke. DHEA can decrease some of the abdominal fat. It can improve erectile dysfunction in men and increase the libido in both men and women. For women who take DHEA, stop taking if changes occur—such as acne or deepening of the voice. [See Product 2204.]

Diastolic
The diastolic pressure is specifically the minimum arterial pressure during relaxation and dilatation of the ventricles of the heart when the ventricles fill with blood. In a blood pressure reading, the diastolic pressure is typically the second number recorded. For example, with a blood pressure of 120/80 ("120 over 80"), the diastolic pressure is 80. By "80" is meant 80 mm Hg (millimeters of mercury)

Dietary Metabolite
A compound made in the body from a substance brought in through the diet.

Dietary Supplements
Vitamins, minerals, herbs, amino acids, enzymes, organ tissues and other nutrients to bolster the diet. Unlike drugs, they are not regulated for the US Federal Drug Administration.

Di-indolyl-methane (DIM)
Diindolylmethane is found in cruciferous vegetables which promote a beneficial estrogen metabolism in both women and men. Diindolymethane appears to have antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects in prostate cancer cells.

Diuretic
A diuretic is a substance that removes water from the body by promoting urine formation and the loss of salt (sodium). Caffeine and green tea are common diuretics, although they are very mild. Diuretic medications include furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, metolazone, and spironolactone. These medications may be used as part of treatment for conditions that cause swelling from water retention (edema), such as heart failure, hypertension (to lower blood pressure), or liver or kidney disease.

DMAE
Dimethylaminoethanol is an organic compound. Some studies suggest that DMAE alleviates the behavioral problems and hyperactivity associated with Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD). DMAE increases attention span; decreases aggression; improves learning ability; and sometimes increases intelligence in 70% of ADD patients. It may also decrease severity of hangovers in people who consume excessive amounts of alcohol. It may also improve athletic performance by improving the body’s production of energy. It is also reported to relieve anxiety. [See Product 701.]

DMG
(Dimethylglycine). DMG has long been used by athletes to improve overall performance and endurance, to enhance oxygen utilization, and to improve recovery after strenuous exercise. Nutritionally oriented physicians have been using DMG to deal with fatigue, to enhance blood sugar metabolism, to improve liver function and to strengthen the cardiovascular system. The most exciting use of DMG arose from a study by the Medical University of South Carolina. It was reported in the "Journal of Infectious Diseases" that in a double blind clinical study, DMG increases antibody production by more than 400 % in humans. Just as important, DMG stimulates both the antibody response and cellular immunity branches of the immune system. The findings were later confirmed at Clemson University in a series of animal experiments led by a professor of microbiology. The Clemson study demonstrated that rabbits given DMG stimulated both branches of the immune system to the extent that they produced a three to five-fold increase in protective antibodies. T-cell proliferation was also increased and interferon production was doubled. DMG also acts as a detoxifying agent and antioxidant, protecting body cells from unwanted reactions caused by free radicals.
 
Docosahexaenoic Acid
SEE: DHA

Dong Quai (root)
Dong quai is an aromatic herb that grows in China, Korea, and Japan. The reputation of Don quai is second only to Ginseng and is considered the ultimate, all-purpose woman's tonic herb. It is used for almost every gynecological complaint from regulating the menstrual cycle to treating menopausal symptoms caused by hormonal changes. Dong quai is frequently used by the Chinese as a strengthening treatment for the heart, spleen, liver and kidneys. Both men and women use the herb as a general blood tonic. Dong quai contains vitamins E, A, and B-12. Researchers have isolated at least six coumarin derivatives that exert antispasmodic and vasodilatory effects. Antispasmodics are a remedy for menstrual cramps.

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Echinacea
Echinacea species are perennials which belong to the Aster family and which originate in eastern North America. Traditionally used for a range of infections and malignancies, the roots and herb (above ground parts) of echinacea species have attracted scientific interest because of the purported "immune stimulant" properties. One of the benefits may be to the upper respiratory tract. According to the Mayo Clinic, studies in 2006 investigating the efficacy of echinacea found that the likelihood of experiencing a clinical cold was 55% higher with placebo than with Echinacea. However, upper respiratory problems in children were not shown to be relieved by Echinacea. Echinacea is a genus in the aster family. There are nine species of Echinacea. The three species most commonly found in herb products are Echinacea angustifolia, E. purpurea and E. pallida. [See Product 206.]
    

EGCG (epi-gallo-catechin gallate)
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is one of four major catechins in green tea. Catechins belong to the flavan-3-ol class of flavonoids. Green tea catechins are the flavan-3-ols found in green tea leaves. All catechins including EGCG are polyphenolic substances, which are a group of chemical substances found in plants with antioxidant characteristics for potential health benefits. Black tea leaves have a much lower content of these catechins. [See Product 101.]

Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA)
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is an omega-3 fatty acid that is used in cellular processes within the body. Unfortunately, most people's diets today do not include substantial amounts of Omega-3 fatty acids. The main dietary sources of EPA are cold water fish such as salmon. Consequently, fish oil supplements are a good source of EPA. Increasing the amount of EPA in the body has shown to be beneficial for preventing or dealing with high blood pressure, coronary heart disease, and inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis. Benefits may include: cardiovascular health; stronger immune system; positive effects on lung and kidney diseases; Type II diabetes, obesity, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, burns, anorexia nervosa, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and early stages of colorectal cancer. [See Product 2200.]   [See Product 104.]   [See Product 801.]

Endothelium
The layer of thin specialized cells that line the interior surface of blood vessels, forming an interface between circulating blood and the rest of the vessel wall  Endothelial cells line the entire circulatory system, from the heart to the smallest capillary. Endothelium of the interior surfaces of the heart chambers are termed as endocardium. Both blood and lymphatic capillaries are composed of a single layer of endothelial cells. Endothelial dysfunction has been reversed by green tea catechins, even in cigarette smokers.

Enzyme
Enzymes are proteins that accelerate chemical reactions in the body.

Epigallocatechin gallate
See:  EGCG (Green tea ingredient.)

Essential Amino Acid
Those amino acids that must be obtained from the diet. They are not made in the body.
[See Product 203.]

Essential Fatty Acid
A substance which cannot be synthesized in the human body and can only be obtained through the diet.

Estrogenic
Relating to any of several steroid hormones produced chiefly by the ovaries and responsible for promoting estrus and the development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics.

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FDA
Food & Drug Administration in the United States. The FDA does not regulate dietary supplements as they are not pharmaceuticals and generally have no side effects if taken according to recommended dosage. However, the FDA disapproves of any claims that dietary supplements will cure, treat or prevent disease. A disclaimer notice must appear on most dietary supplement labels and in advertising brochures. See next item.

FDA Disclaimer Statement & Support for Supplements
Those who manufacture dietary supplements must include the following statement on their labels, product descriptions, and other supplement information promotion: “This product has not been evaluated by the Food & Drug Administration and is not intended to diagnose, mitigate, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.” However, “…the FDA believes that dietary supplements have potential benefits for consumers…” and “The agency agrees that dietary supplements may be useful in providing nutritional support,” and “The FDA agrees that nutrients and dietary supplements may play a role in the body’s response to disease.” [Source: Federal Register, January 6, 2000, Volume 65, No. 4. “Regulations on Statements Made for Dietary Supplements Concerning the Effect of a Product on the Structure or Function of the Body; Final Rule.”]
           
Fennel
Like many of its fellow spices, fennel contains its own unique combination of phytonutrients—including the flavonoids rutin, quercitin, and various kaempferol glycosides—that give it strong antioxidant activity. The phytonutrients in fennel extracts compare favorably in research studies to BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene), a potentially toxic antioxidant commonly added to processed foods. The most fascinating phytonutrient compound in fennel, however, may be anethole—the primary component of its volatile oil. In animal studies, the anethole in fennel has repeatedly been shown to reduce inflammation and to help prevent the occurrence of cancer. [WHFoods.org]

Fiber
Basically, the term fiber refers to carbohydrates that cannot be digested. Fiber is present in all plants that are eaten for food, including fruits, vegetables, grains, and legumes. Fiber appears to reduce the risk of developing various conditions, including heart disease, diabetes, diverticular disease, and constipation. High intake of dietary fiber has been linked to a lower risk of heart disease in a number of large studies. [Harvard School of Public Health.]

 

Fibromyalgia
Fibromyalgia is a chronic condition characterized by widespread pain in your muscles, ligaments and tendons, as well as fatigue and multiple tender points — places on your body where slight pressure causes pain. Fibromyalgia is more common in women than in men. Previously, fibromyalgia was known by other names such as fibrositis, chronic muscle pain syndrome, psychogenic rheumatism and tension myalgias.Although the intensity of your symptoms may vary, they'll probably never disappear completely. It may be reassuring to know, however, that fibromyalgia isn't progressive or life-threatening. Treatments and self-care steps can improve fibromyalgia symptoms and your general health. [Mayo Clinic]
See our product: Fibromyalgia Support Pack

Flavoneglycosides
The biologically active compounds occur primarily in the leaves of the Ginkgo tree and are classified as ginkgo-flavoneglycosides and terpenoids.   The flavonoid (ginkgo-flavoneglycoside) class includes: the molecules kaempferol, isohamnetin, and quercitin. The terpenoid class is further broken down into two subclasses as ginkgolides and bilobalides. The major ginkgolide factors are A, B, and C.The terpenoids have been demonstrated in a multitude of research to be potent inhibitors of PAF, resulting in increased micro-circulation and reduction of the inflammatory response.   Other constituents such as the ginkgo-flavoneglycosides, have been shown to improve capillary integrity and strengthen collagen tissues. Studies have demonstrated maximum efficacy is achieved at 120 mg. total per day as 24% ginkgo-flavoneglycosides and 6% terpenoids.

Flavonoids
Flavonoids are compounds found in fruits, vegetables, and certain beverages that have diverse beneficial biochemical and antioxidant effects and much more. Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds that are ubiquitous in nature and are categorized, according to chemical structure, into flavonols, flavones, flavanones, isoflavones, catechins, anthocyanidins and chalcones. Over 4,000 flavonoids have been identified, many of which occur in fruits, vegetables and beverages (tea, coffee, beer, wine and fruit drinks). The flavonoids have aroused considerable interest recently because of their potential beneficial effects on human health. Studies have shown them to have antiviral, anti-allergic, anti-platelet, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor and antioxidant activities. 

Flax seed
Its high content of alpha linolenic acids has made the ancient flax seed become one of the modern “miracle foods,” rich in alpha linolenic acid -- a type of plant-derived Omega 3 fatty acid, similar to those found in fish such as salmon. Benefits of flax seed as shown in many studies include lowering total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol (the bad cholesterol) levels. Other benefits show that flax seed may also help lower blood triglyceride and blood pressure. It may also keep platelets from becoming sticky therefore reducing the risk of a heart attack.  Aside from alpha linolenic acid, flax seed is rich in lignan. Lignan is a type of phyto-estrogen (antioxidant) and a source of fiber. Researches reveal that lignan in flax seed shows a lot of promise in fighting disease -- including a possible role in cancer prevention, especially breast cancer. It is thought that lignan metabolites can bind to estrogen receptors, inhibiting the onset of estrogen-stimulated breast cancer. Recent studies also show positive benefits of flax seed oil in IBD (Crohn's Disease and Colitis). Flax seed oil seems to be able to help heal the inner lining of the inflamed intestines. [Health Castle.]  [See Product 2200.]

Folic Acid
Another member of the B vitamin group, this nutrient is vital for proper functioning of the central nervous system. It is used by women to help prevent birth defects, and may also fight against hypertension. It may be helpful to those who are depressed or schizophrenic.
[See Product 309.]

Free radicals
Free radicals are atoms or groups of atoms with an odd (unpaired) number of electrons and can be formed when oxygen interacts with certain molecules. Once formed these highly reactive radicals can start a chain reaction, like dominoes. Their chief danger comes from the damage they can do when they react with important cellular components such as DNA or the cell membrane. Cells may function poorly or die if this occurs. To prevent free radical damage the body has a defense system of antioxidants.

Fumarate
A salt or ester of fumaric acid. Fumaric acid is added to a variety of foods as an acidifier, curing accelerator, and flavoring agent.

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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Gamma Linolenic Acid
Gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) is an essential fatty acid (EFA) in the omega-6 family that is found primarily in plant-based oils. EFAs are essential to human health but cannot be made in the body. For this reason, they must be obtained from food. EFAs are needed for normal brain function, growth and development, bone health, stimulation of skin and hair growth, regulation of metabolism, and maintenance of reproductive processes. One’s diet should include more Omega-3 fatty acids than Omega-6, although both are essential. [See Product 104.]
[See Product 307.]

Gamma Oryzanol
Gamma oryzanol is derived from rice bran oil. It has been approved in Japan for use in menopause, anxiety, stomach upset, and high cholesterol. There is preliminary evidence that gamma oryzanol can increase endorphin release and help build muscle, which is why it has become popular as a sports supplement. More research is needed. A typical dosage of gamma oryzanol is 300 mg daily. Side effects of gamma oryzanol appear to be minimal. However, safety is children, pregnant or nursing women, and people with liver or kidney disease have not been established.

Gamma-tocopherol
Gamma-tocopherol is one of the four natural tocopherol homologues or isoforms, the others being alpha-, beta- and delta-tocopherol. Tocopherols and tocotrienols comprise the vitamin E family (See Vitamin E). Gamma-tocopherol is the principal tocopherol found in the lipid fraction of many seeds and nuts, including soybeans, corn and walnuts, and is the major tocopherol in the American diet.

Garcinia cambogia
An herbal supplement and promoted as a weight loss agent due to the fact that it has a compound called Hydroxycitrate (HCA) or hydroxycitric acid, an active ingredient that is extracted from the rind of the Indian fruit. Garcinia may have gastric ulcer protecting properties. [Ray Sahelian, M.D.]

Garlic
Garlic contains germanium and selenium, which are sulfur-containing antioxidants that boost the immune system. It contains properties for fighting "bad" cholesterol, although a recent
study in 2006 has questioned whether garlic can affect cholesterol. People who take a garlic supplement each day are far less likely to fall victim to the common cold than those who do not, research suggests. [BBC News]   [See Product 709.]

Genistein
Genistein belongs to the isoflavone class of flavonoids. It is also classified as a phytoestrogen, which. are plant-derived non-steroidal compounds that possess estrogen-like biological activity. Genistein is being scrutinized as a potential anti-cancer drug. It also has been shown to maintain healthy bone formation.  [See Product 801.]

Ginger
For over two thousand years, Chinese medicine has recommended ginger to treat a number of health problems including abdominal bloating, coughing, vomiting, diarrhea, and rheumatism.

Ginkgo Biloba
Ginkgo has been used in traditional medicine to treat circulatory disorders and enhance memory. Scientific studies throughout the years lend support to these traditional uses. Emerging evidence suggests that it may be particularly effective in treating ailments associated with decreased blood flow to the brain, particularly in elderly individuals. [University of Maryland.]  [See Product 907.]

Ginsenosides
Ginsenosides are a class of steroid-like compounds, triterpene saponins, found exclusively in the plant genus Panax .Ginsenosides have been the target of research, as they are viewed as the active compounds behind the claims of ginseng's efficacy.

Glucomannan
Glucomannan is high in fiber, and thus essential for cleaning the digestive system. Glucomannan is taken from the Konnyaku root and is from the same family as the yam, which is 100 percent natural dietary fiber without calories. Since lack of fiber is a major cause for the high incidence of growing gastrointestinal disorders, it is a valuable herb. It is thought to help reduce cholesterol, help maintain regularity and promote bowel health. It helps to normalize blood sugar, to relieve stress on the pancreas and discourage blood sugar abnormalities, such as hypoglycemia. Glucomannan absorbs toxic substances produced during digestion and elimination. It binds toxic material and eliminates them before they can be absorbed into the blood stream.`

Gluconate
In the form of calcium, used for calcium deficiencies.

Glucosamine
“Glucosamine sulfate might be the preferred symptomatic medication in knee osteoarthritis.” Dr Herrero-Beaumont of the Fundacíón Jiménez Díaz in Madrid, who found glucosamine sulfate to be more effective than the over-the-counter painkiller acetaminophen for joint discomfort in a multicenter, randomized, placebo- and reference-controlled, double-blind study. It is widely used to help those with joint disorders.   [See Product 404.]

Glutamic-Acid
Glutamic Acid, also known as glutamate, is one of the twenty most common natural amino acids. Glutamic acid is crucial for proper cell function. Glutamic acid is not considered an essential amino acid because the body has the ability to manufacture it from simpler compounds. Glutamic acid functions as both a building block in protein synthesis as well as the most widespread neurotransmitter in brain function. It is involved in both the learning and memory process.

Glutamine
Glutamine is the most common amino acid found in the muscles -- over 61% of the skeletal muscle is glutamine. Glutamine consists of 19% nitrogen, making it the primary transporter of nitrogen into your muscle cells. Glutamine plays many roles in the body. It helps regulate muscle mass, is involved in the immune system, affects the synthesis of glucose, and may even improve insulin metabolism.

Glutarate
A di-carboxylic acid intermediate in the metabolism of tryptophan and lysine.

Glutathione
"Glutathione is a very interesting, very small molecule that's produced by the body and found in every cell," says Gustavo Bounous, MD, director of research and development at Immunotec and a retired professor of surgery at McGill University in Montreal, Canada. "It's the body's most important antioxidant because it's within the cell." The strong antioxidant effect of glutathione helps keep cells running smoothly. Bounous and another glutathione expert, Jeremy Appleton, ND, say it also helps the liver remove chemicals that are foreign to the body, such as drugs and pollutants.

Glycine
A protein amino acid found in the protein of all life forms. It is the simplest amino acid in the body. It is of major importance in the synthesis of proteins, peptides, purines, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), nucleic acids, porphyrins, hemoglobin, glutathione, creatine, bile salts, one-carbon fragments, glucose, glycogen, and L-serine and other amino acids. Glycine is also a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS). Glycine and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are the major inhibitory neurotransmitters in the CNS. Recently, a glycine-gated chloride channel has been identified in neurophils that can attenuate increases in intracellular calcium ions and diminish oxidant damage mediated by these white blood cells. Thus, glycine may be a novel antioxidant.

 

Glycemic Load
This takes into account the amount of carbohydrate in a serving of a specific food, as well as how rapidly and strongly the carb affects blood sugar. Foods with high glycemic load are digested more rapidly and flood the bloodstream with too much sugar at one time. High glycemic foods include: french fries, honey, pizza, potatoes, refined cereals, soft drinks, sugar, white bread, and white rice. On the other hand, foods with a low glycemic load release glucose in a steadier stream. Examples of low glycemic foods include: barley, bran, brown rice, lentils, oatmeal, whole fruits, whole-grain cereals, and whole-wheat products. Low glycemic load foods help curb hunger pangs for a longer time and help avoid obesity and possibly the onset of dibestes.

Glycyrrhiza glabra
The scientific name for licorice.

Golden Seal Root
Golden Seal is a root that is native to North America and has been used for centuries in herbal medicine. Golden Seal contains calcium, iron, manganese, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, B-complex, and other nutrients and minerals. Considered to be a broad-spectrum herb, Golden Seal is extremely popular and very much in demand. Golden Seal's numerous uses are attributed to its antibiotic, anti-inflammatory and astringent properties. It soothes irritated mucus membranes aiding the eyes, ears, nose and throat. Taken at the first signs of respiratory problems, colds or flu, Golden Seal may help prevent further symptoms from developing. It may be used to help reduce fevers, and relive congestion and excess mucous. Golden Seal cleanses and promotes healthy glandular functions by increasing bile flow and digestive enzymes, therefore regulating healthy liver and spleen functions. It also eases inflamed peptic ulcers, aids digestion and relieves constipation. Golden Seal may be used to treat infections of the bladder and intestines as well. [1001 Herbs]  [See Product 206.]   [See Product 702.]

Gotu Kola
Gotu kola has been widely used for a number of conditions, particularly in traditional Eastern health care. In Ayurveda, Gotu kola is one of the chief herbs for revitalizing the nerves and brain cells. It is said to fortify the immune system, both cleansing and feeding it, and to strengthen the adrenals. It has been used as a tonic for purification of blood and for promoting healthy skin. It has also been used to aid in restful sleep, treat skin inflammations, as a treatment for high blood pressure and as a mild diuretic. Studies in 1995 demonstrated that Gotu kola destroyed cultured tumor cells in the laboratory setting (in vitro). [See Product 102.]   [See Product 308.]

Gram
A metric unit of mass or weight equal to 15.432 grains; one thousandth of a kilogram.

Grape-Seed-extract
Grape Seed Extract which is high in Oligomeric Proanthocyanidins (OPC’s or PCO’s) is powerful antioxidant which can reduce the damage done by free radicals, strengthen and repair connective tissue, and promote enzyme activity. OPC’s can also help moderate allergic and inflammatory responses by reducing histamine production. [See Product 204.]   [See Product 206.]

 

Graviola
All parts of the graviola tree are used in natural medicine in the tropics, including the bark, leaves, roots, fruit, and fruit seeds. Different properties and uses are attributed to the different parts of the tree. Generally, the fruit and fruit juice are taken for worms and parasites, to cool fevers, to increase mother's milk after childbirth, and as an astringent for diarrhea and dysentery. The crushed seeds are used against internal and external parasites, head lice, and worms. The bark, leaves, and roots are considered sedative, antispasmodic, hypotensive, and nervine, and a tea is made for various disorders toward those effects.

Graviola has a long, rich history of use in herbal medicine as well as a lengthy recorded indigenous use. In the Peruvian Andes, a leaf tea is used for catarrh (inflammation of mucous membranes) and the crushed seed is used to kill parasites.

In the Peruvian Amazon the bark, roots, and leaves are used for diabetes and as a sedative and antispasmodic. Indigenous tribes in Guyana use a leaf and/or bark tea as a sedative and heart tonic. In the Brazilian Amazon a leaf tea is used for liver problems, and the oil of the leaves and unripe fruit is mixed with olive oil and used externally for neuralgia, rheumatism, and arthritis pain. In Jamaica, Haiti, and the West Indies the fruit and/or fruit juice is used for fevers, parasites and diarrhea; the bark or leaf is used as an antispasmodic, sedative, and nervine for heart conditions, coughs, flu, difficult childbirth, asthma, hypertension, and parasites. (Raintree Nutrition.)

Green Papaya Extract
An exfoliation agent to remove dead skin cells.

Green-Tea
Green tea is made from the dried leaves of Camellia sinensis, a perennial evergreen shrub. Green tea has a long history of use, dating back to China approximately 5,000 years ago. Green tea, black tea, and oolong tea are all derived from the same plant. According to the Mayo Clinic, Green Tea has had some success in relieving or improving certain conditions—such as: arthritis, asthma, certain cancers, dental cavities, diabetes, fertility, heart attack prevention, high cholesterol, memory enhancement, menopausal symptoms, prostate cancer, skin damage from the sun, and weight management. Green tea is more powerful than black or oolong tea in treating dysfunctions because it is not fermented during processing and thus retains more flavonoids. [See Product 101.]   [See Product 207.]

Griffonia plant

Griffonia simplicifolia is a stout, woody, climbing shrub growing in West & Central Africa. It is a natural source of 5-HTP ( 5-Hydroxytryptophan), an enhancing amino acid that is a highly absorbable type of tryptophan and a direct precursor to serotonin. It has been used, as an adjunct to medical care, for depression and fibromyalgia. In addition, it is commonly used for mild insomnia, migraine headaches and as a weight loss therapy. It has been demonstrated to reduce the pain and anxiety associated with fibromyalgia. In some migraine populations, 5-HTP was found to be as effective in treatment and prevention as beta-blockers or methysergide. (Shamanica.com)  [See Product 902.]

 

Guggul Lipids
Effective herbal medicine for controlling obesity and cholesterol. It is a well established fat burning agent all over the Eastern world and is currently becoming very popular in America, Europe and many other western nations. Guggul is a resin known to increase white blood cell counts and possess strong disinfecting properties. It has long been known to lower cholesterol and triglycerides, while maintain or improve the HDL to LDL ratio. It is one of the very first "broad spectrum supplements" with a wide therapeutic range. A broad mode of action makes this herb very helpful even in protecting against ailments such as common cold; and various skin, dental and ophthalmic infections.  [See Product 403.]

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Hawthorn-berry
Hawthorn berries have been known as a natural heart tonic for centuries and have even been called "food for the heart." Hawthorn remains one of the more popularly used botanical medicines for heart conditions throughout Europe, particularly in Germany and Switzerland. European studies have demonstrated that use of hawthorn can support overall heart health by relaxing and dilating arteries; increasing the flow of blood and oxygen to and from the heart; supporting healthy circulation; increasing endurance; maintaining healthy blood pressure and maintaining healthy blood vessels.  [See Product 405.]

HDL cholesterol
About one-third to one-fourth of blood cholesterol is carried by HDL. Medical experts think HDL tends to carry cholesterol away from the arteries and back to the liver, where it's passed from the body. Some experts believe HDL removes excess cholesterol from plaques and thus slows their growth. HDL cholesterol is known as "good" cholesterol because a high HDL level seems to protect against heart attack. The opposite is also true: a low HDL level (less than 40 mg/dL in men; less than 50 mg/dL in women) indicates a greater risk. A low HDL cholesterol level also may raise stroke risk.

Herb
A plant product that is grown, harvested and used for improving health.

Hesperidin
Hesperidin is the predominant flavonoid in lemons and oranges. The peel and membranous parts of these fruits have the highest hesperidin concentrations. Therefore, orange juice containing pulp is richer in the flavonoids and hesperidin than that without pulp. A deficiency of hesperidin in the diet has been linked with abnormal capillary leakiness as well as pain in the extremities causing aches, weakness and night leg cramps. It is believed to offer anti-viral and anti-inflammatory benefits. [See Product 503.]   [See Product 803.]

Hibiscus Flower
For rats on the high-sugar diet, hibiscus significantly reduced triglyceride levels in the blood. (Triglycerides are a reflection of fat intake and can contribute to high cholesterol levels.) For the rats on a high fat diet, hibiscus reduced the levels of total cholesterol in the rats' blood and especially reduced the amount of LDL or "bad" cholesterol. Based on their experiments with human blood in the lab,  scientists think that hibiscus makes it harder for LDL cholesterol to bind to artery walls, inhibiting the build-up of cholesterol that can cause blockage and heart disease. Add hibiscus to the list of heart-friendly foods. Like red wine, tea, and even grape juice, hibiscus contains antioxidants and could help your heart. (US News.com)   [See Product 405.]

Homocysteine
Homocysteine (say: ho-mo-sis-teen) is an amino acid (a building block of protein) that is produced in the human body. High homocysteine levels in the blood can cause cholesterol to change to something called oxidized low-density lipoprotein, which damages the arteries. In addition, high homocysteine levels may make blood clot more easily than it should. This can increase the risk of blood vessel blockages. A blockage might cause you to have a stroke.  It might also make a problem with blood flow, such as atherosclerosis, worse.

Honeysuckle
This flower has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties, and is used to dispel heat and remove toxins, including carbuncles, fevers, influenza and ulcers.

Hoodia Gordonii
Authentic hoodia is one of the rarest botanicals in the world. It is a succulent plant that grows exclusively in South Africa. Scientists have isolated several compounds in hoodia that help suppress appetite

Hops (aerial parts)
This plant has sedative, hypnotic, and astringent properties, as well as mild estrogenic constituents. For some, the scent of hops alone has a sedating effect -- which is why "hops pillows," cloth pillows filled with hops flowers, are popular among people troubled with insomnia.

Horseradish
Agricultural Research Service food technologist Henry Fleming and Oklahoma State University food chemist Brian Shofran proved both horseradish and mustard oil pack a punch against Listeria, E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus and other food pathogens. If you’re trying to lose weight, make sure horseradish, mustard and salsa are on your shopping list, advises recent guidelines on obesity from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI). These condiments received high marks throughout the guidelines for their low-fat, high-flavor qualities.
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Horsetail
A plant that can act as a diuretic and astringent. Horsetail has been found beneficial in dropsy and gravel & kidney afflictions generally. The ashes of the plant are considered very valuable in acidity of the stomach. Thought to be useful in kidney and bladder trouble.

Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose
This is an enteric film coating material or a matrix binder in solid dosage forms. It is used as a viscosity control agent, gelling agent, film former, stabilizer, dispersant, lubricant, binder, emulsifying agent, and suspending agent.

Hypertension
High blood pressure or hypertension means high pressure (tension) in the arteries. The arteries are the vessels that carry blood from the pumping heart to all of the tissues and organs of the body. High blood pressure does not mean excessive emotional tension, although emotional tension and stress can temporarily increase the blood pressure. [See Product 405.]

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IBD. Inflammatory bowel disease
Inflammatory bowel disease (which is not the same thing as irritable bowel syndrome, or IBS) refers to two chronic diseases that cause inflammation of the intestines: ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Although the diseases have some features in common, there are some important differences.

IBS. (Irritable bowel syndrome)
Sometimes irritable bowel syndrome is referred to as spastic colon, mucous colitis, spastic colitis, nervous stomach, or irritable colon. Irritable bowel syndrome, or IBS, is generally classified as a "functional" disorder. A functional disorder refers to a disorder or disease where the primary abnormality is an altered physiological function (the way the body works), rather than an identifiable structural or biochemical cause. It characterizes a disorder that generally can not be diagnosed in a traditional way; that is, as an inflammatory, infectious, or structural abnormality that can be seen by commonly used examination, x-ray, or blood test. 

Immune System Defense Mechanisms
The immune system produces two major defensive cells--B lymphocytes which make anti-bodies and T lymphocytes which attack foreign invaders.
        

Inositol
A substance that plays an important role as a second messenger in a cell, in the form of inositol phosphates. It is found in many foods, particularly in cereals with high bran content. It is classified as a member of the vitamin B complex, though it is not considered a vitamin itself because it can be synthesized by the human body. Some preliminary results of studies on inositol supplements show promising results for people suffering from problems such as bulimia, panic disorder and bipolar depression.

Iodine (from Kelp)
Iodine makes up less than a hundred thousandth of a percent of your body weight, but your thyroid cannot function without this trace mineral. If you have too little iodine in your diet, hypothyroidism and weight gain will occur. Take only very small amounts of iodine.

Ipriflavone
Ipriflavone falls into the large group of isoflavonoids. Ipriflavone as used today as a bone building agent is a synthetic isoflavone derivative. It was first synthesized in Hungary by Doctor Laszlo Feuer while researching flavonoids as essential growth factors in animals. Soon after its synthesis ipriflavone was used in clinical testing. The substance was reportedly first used in veterinarian fodder and experimented with as an agent for enhancing endurance in animals. It was also investigated as a potential anti-anginal agent and was seen to influence the mitochondrial energetics in a positive manner, with an oxygen sparing effect. Ipriflavone is a synthetic derivative of the plant isoflavone, genistein. Ipriflavone occurs in trace amounts in some soy sauces. Although ipriflavone is sometimes classified as a phytoestrogen, it has no direct estrogenic activity. Ipriflavone does not activate any of the estrogen receptors. It does appear to have a favorable impact on bone density, and ipriflavone has been approved for the treatment of involutional osteoporosis in some European countries and in Japan.  [See Product 305.]

Isoflavones from Soy Products
The consumption of soy products has been linked to many health benefits and may protect against breast cancer, prostate cancer, menopausal symptoms, heart disease and osteoporosis. Many of the health benefits of soy are derived from its isoflavones. Potential health benefits include: easing menopause symptoms; reduce heart disease risk; help promote a healthy prostate; improve bone health; and reduce cancer risk.

Isothiocyanates
Isothiocyanates are sulphur-containing phytochemicals found in cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli, cauliflower, kale, turnips, collards, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, radish, turnip and watercress. Isothiocyanates, such as phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) and sulforaphane, have been shown to inhibit carcinogenesis and tumorigensis and as such are useful chemo-preventive agents against the development and proliferation of cancers.

IU (International units)
International unit (IU, alternatively abbreviated UI, from French unité internationale) is a unit of measurement for the amount of a substance, based on measured biological activity (or effect). It is used for vitamins, hormones, some drugs, vaccines, blood products and similar biologically active substances.

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Juniper Berry
A remedy for appetite loss; kidney and bladder stones and urinary tract infections, Juniper Berry is also used for indigestion and digestive disorders such as belching, heartburn, and bloating, as well as menstrual problems and diabetes. Its effectiveness for these conditions has not, however, been verified. Do not take Juniper Berry if you have a kidney inflammation.

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Kale
A leafy green vegetable that belongs to the Brassica family, a group of vegetables including cabbage, collards and Brussels sprouts that have gained recent widespread attention because of their health promoting, sulfur-containing phytonutrients.

Kelp (Brown Seaweed)
Kelp is a type of seaweed that is usually dried and granulated or ground into a powder. You can add it to drinks or water, used as a condiment and flavoring or as a salt substitute. It is a rich source of vitamins, especially the B vitamins, as well as many valuable minerals and trace elements. It is used to aid brain tissues and the membranes surrounding the brain, the sensory nerves and spinal cord, blood vessels and fingernails. It has also been found beneficial in the treatment of thyroid proble