Healthy Estrogen Function
A safe, natural formula to maintain normal
hormone metabolism in the body

A Special Proprietary Blend to Help Women's Changes

 

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Quality Assurance: This product is manufactured in the United States by one of America's leading laboratories in business since 1955. It is produced from natural sources and contains no yeast, sugar, starch, artificial flavor, dyes, coloring agent or preservatives.

 

Healthy Estrogen Function provides a safe way to reduce the occurrence of menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes, sleep disturbances, low bone density, and vaginal dryness.

In addition, Healthy Estrogen Function contains antioxidants and other ingredients which promote good overall health. 

The natural herbal ingredients in this formula are known as phytoestrogens, substances from plants which mimic the functions of estrogen in the body. 

Unlike prescription estrogen medications and hormone therapy, herbal supplements are free
of side effects.

 

(See listing of ingredients.)


The body’s natural production of estrogen drops off during menopause, causing the common discomforts associated with this condition.  Healthy Estrogen Function supplements can help minimize the symptoms of menopause, as well as provide for overall health benefits lost with the decrease in estrogen levels.  Ingredients include Isoflavones, Black Cohosh, and a proprietary blend of herbs.


Click the name of each ingredient to find more information:

Isoflavones exhibit strong antioxidant and anti-carcinogenic properties.  The Mayo Clinic reports that isoflavones from soy have been proven in scientific studies to reduce the symptoms of menopause, especially hot flashes.  Isoflavones have also been shown to lower high cholesterol.  The University of Maryland Medical Center states that isoflavones can help the skeletal system retain important minerals in women approaching menopause.  The North American Menopause Society recommends a daily intake of isoflavones to promote overall good health in menopausal women.  Healthy Estrogen Function contains a proprietary blend of isoflavones from pueraria lobata (kudzu root), red clover tops, and Novasoy™ concentrate.

Black Cohosh has traditionally been a popular remedy for menopausal symptoms.  The Mayo Clinic calls black cohosh “a popular alternative to prescription hormonal therapy for treatment of menopausal symptoms such as migraine headaches, sleep disturbances, hot flashes, mood problems, perspiration, heart palpitations, and vaginal dryness.”  In a German study involving 629 women, 80% found improvement of their menopausal symptoms while using black cohosh within four weeks (see University of Maryland review). 

 

 

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The Healthy Estrogen Function Proprietary Blend contains Bacopa, Dong Quai, Hops, Sage, and Schisandra, all of which serve to improve cognitive functions such as learning, memory, and concentration.  These facilities are all associated with optimal estrogen function.  In addition, this product contains cranberry fruit, a substance which mimics the antioxidant properties of estrogen.  Combined, the ingredients in Healthy Estrogen Function provide many of the benefits of hormone therapy without the side effects normally associated with such treatment.


For more information on the ingredients in Healthy Estrogen Function, see research below...


SUPPORTING ALTERNATIVE TREATMENTS FOR MENOPAUSAL SYMPTOMS (FROM WEBMD):

Menopause and Perimenopause - Other Treatment:
Because of concern about hormone replacement therapy (HRT) health risks, many women have turned to alternative medicine for menopause symptom relief. As part of a stepwise treatment approach, you can consider using one or more of the following options for preventing or treating symptoms before trying prescription medications or hormones.

•          The meditative breathing exercise called paced respiration has been shown to significantly reduce hot flashes and emotional symptoms.  This approach has no known side effects, risks, or costs and can be safely combined with additional treatment, if needed.

•          Black cohosh (Remifemin, 20 mg) has been shown to prevent or relieve a broad range of menopause symptoms for many women.  Other studies have shown no improvement. Safety of long-term use beyond 6 months is not yet known. (Risks similar to estrogen risks are a possibility.) Have regular checkups if you are using black cohosh, and make sure your health professional knows what you are taking.

•          Soy phytoestrogens (isoflavones) are in more complete form when you eat them as food, rather than in a pill or powder. A high-soy diet has been linked to stronger bones, especially in the first 10 years after menopause, when estrogen levels drop and rapid bone loss happens.  Regularly eating and drinking soy may also help even out menopause symptoms. But studies have shown mixed results. They have yet to clearly show that soy is effective for treating hot flashes.

•          Yoga (which often includes meditative breathing) and/or biofeedback give you tools you can use to reduce stress. High stress is likely to make your symptoms worse.

STUDIES SUPPORT THE USE OF PHYTOESTROGENS

“Pharmaceutical prospects of phytoestrogens.”
Usui,-T.  Endocr-J. 2006 Feb; 53(1): 7-20
Interest in the physiologic and pharmacologic role of bioactive compounds present in plants has increased dramatically over the last decade. Of particular interest in relation to human health are the classes of compounds known as the phytoestrogens, which embody several groups of non-steroidal estrogens, including isoflavones and lignans that are widely distributed within nature. The impact of dietary phytoestrogens on normal biologic processes was first recognized in sheep. Observations of sheep grazing on fields rich in clover and cheetahs fed high soy diets in zoos suggested that flavonoids and related phytochemicals can affect mammalian health. Endogenous estrogens have an important role not only in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, but also in various non-gonadal systems, such as cardiovascular systems, bone, and central nervous systems, and lipid metabolism.

There have been several clinical studies of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in post-menopausal women to examine whether HRT has beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system, bone fractures, lipid metabolism, and Alzheimer's disease. In addition, estrogen contributes to the development of some estrogen-dependent cancers, such as breast cancer and prostate cancer and the number of patients with these cancers is increasing in developed countries. Although recent mega-studies showed negative results for classical HRT in the prevention of some of these diseases, the molecules that interact with estrogen receptors are candidate drugs for various diseases, including hormone-dependent cancers. This review focuses on the molecular properties and pharmaceutical potential of phytoestrogens.

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ISOFLAVONES:

The consumption of soy products has many health benefits, including protection against breast cancer, prostate cancer, menopausal symptoms, heart disease and osteoporosis. Many of the health benefits of soy are derived from its isoflavones. However some critics claim that isoflavones can increase the incidence of epithelial hyperplasia and cause goitre and hyperthyroidism. Isoflavones remain the subject of many scientific studies, as illustrated by the more than 1700 scientific publications mentioning isoflavones in their title or abstract. Most of these studies show that isoflavones may have some health benefit.

The chemical structure of isoflavones is very similar to that of our own estrogen. Because of this similarity in structure, they can interfere with the action of our own estrogen. Depending on the type of estrogen receptor on the cells, isoflavones may reduce or activate the activity of estrogen.

Isoflavones can compete with estrogen for the same receptor sites thereby decreasing the health risks of excess estrogen. They can also increase the estrogen activity. If during menopause the body's natural level of estrogen drops, isoflavones can compensate this by binding to the same receptor, thereby easing menopause symptoms as a result.

The best way to consume isoflavones is in the form soy or soyfoods, so you can benefit from other healthy components of soy. Soy contains many types of isoflavones, but the most beneficial are genistein (see picture) and daidzein. The highest amounts of soy isoflavones can be found in soy nuts and tempeh. Another natural source of isoflavones is red clover.

Health benefits of isoflavones:
Research in several areas of healthcare has shown that consumption of isoflavones may play a role in lowering risk for disease. They can fight disease on several fronts. The following potential health benefits are attributed to isoflavones:

EASE MENOPAUSE SYMPTOMS - The benefits of soy go beyond reducing long-term cancer risk. Recent studies have found that soy isoflavones can reduce menopause symptoms such as hot flushes and increase bone density in women. Indeed, many menopausal and post-menopausal health problems may result from a lack of isoflavones in the typical Western diet. Although study results are not entirely consistent, isoflavones from soy or red clover may be helpful for symptoms of menopause. A study carried out by "Health Test" in 2004 investigated the prescription behaviour of 27 doctors for women with menopause symptoms. It showed that isoflavones were recommended twice (44%) as often as hormonal treatment (22%). The prescribed supplements were mainly based on the following plants: soy, black cohosh and hops.

REDUCE HEART DISEASE RISK - Soy isoflavones also appear to reduce cardiovascular disease risk via several distinct mechanisms. Isoflavones inhibit the growth of cells that form artery clogging plaque. These arteries usually form blood clots which can lead to a heart attack. A review of 38 controlled studies on soy and heart disease concluded that soy is definitely effective for improving cholesterol profile. There is some evidence that isoflavones are the active ingredients in soy responsible for improving cholesterol profile.

PROTECT AGAINST PROSTATE PROBLEMS - Isoflavones may be benificial for men's health because they may protect against enlargement of the male prostate gland. Studies show isoflavones slowed prostate cancer growth and caused prostate cancer cells to die . Isoflavones act against cancer cells in a way similar to many common cancer-treating drugs.

ISOFLAVONES IMPROVE BONE HEALTH - Soy Isoflavones help in the preservation of the bone substance and fight osteoporosis. This is the reason why people in China and Japan very rarely have osteoporosis, despite their low consumption of dairy products, whereas in Europe and North America the contrary happens. Unlike estrogen, which helps prevent the destruction of bone, evidence suggests that isoflavones may also assist in creating new bone. Other studies are not entirely consistent, but evidence suggests that genistein and other soy isoflavones can help prevent osteoporosis.

REDUCE CANCER RISK - Isoflavones seem to be protect agains tumors because thet act against cancer cells in a way similar to many common cancer-treating drugs. Population-based studies show a strong association between consumption of isoflavones and a reduced risk of breast and endometrial cancer. Women who ate the most soy products and other foods rich in isoflavones reduced their risk of endometrial cancer by 54%.

Isoflavones are natural plant hormones:
Isoflavones can be found in many foods but the best known source is the soy bean (Glycine max). The soy isoflavones are responsible for most of the soy health benefits. The Soy bean is a plant cultivated as foodstuff whose health properties have recently been discovered. Thorough studies have revealed that the consumption of the soy beans have favourable effects on people's health. Another source of isoflavones is red clover. As opposed to soy beans, red clover is normally not eaten but the isoflavones are extracted in industrial processes and used to make isoflavones supplements.

Isoflavones are natural antioxidants:
A recent study has demonstrated that isoflavones have potent antioxidant properties, comparable to that of the well known antioxidant vitamin E. The antioxidant powers of isoflavones can reduce the long-term risk of cancer by preventing free radical damage to DNA. Genistein is the most potent antioxidant among the soy isoflavones, followed by daidzein.

Studies Supporting the Use of Isoflavones:

“Soy isoflavones modulate immune function in healthy postmenopausal women.”
Ryan-Borchers,-Tracy-A; Park,-Jean-Soon; Chew,-Boon-P; McGuire,-Michelle-K; Fournier,-Lisa-R; Beerman,-Kathy-A.  American-journal-of-clinical-nutrition. 2006 May; 83(5): 1118-1125.

BACKGROUND: The immune system may be compromised after menopause because of the effects of aging and diminishing concentrations of estrogen, an immune-modulating hormone. Isoflavones, plant-derived compounds with estrogenic and antioxidant properties, may offer immunologic benefits to women during this stage of life.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of soy isoflavones, both in soymilk and in supplement form, on markers of immunity and oxidative stress in postmenopausal women.

DESIGN: Postmenopausal women aged 50-65 y (n = 52) enrolled in this 16-wk double-blind, placebo-controlled trial were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 experimental groups: 1) control, 706 mL cow milk/d plus a placebo supplement; 2) soymilk, 71.6 mg isoflavones derived from 706 mL soymilk/d plus a placebo supplement; and 3) supplement, 70 mg isoflavones in a supplement plus 706 mL cow milk/d. Plasma and 24-h urine samples were obtained at baseline and at 16 wk. Immune variables included lymphocyte subsets, cytokine production, and markers of inflammation and oxidative damage.

RESULTS: Isoflavone intervention in postmenopausal women resulted in higher (P < 0.05) B cell populations and lower (P < 0.05) plasma concentrations of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxy-guanosine, an oxidative marker of DNA damage. Isoflavone treatment did not significantly influence concentrations of interferon (Sd(B, interleukin 2, tumor necrosis factor (Sa(B, or C-reactive protein in plasma or of 8-isoprostane in urine.

CONCLUSIONS: Soymilk and supplemental isoflavones modulate B cell populations and appear to be protective against DNA damage in postmenopausal women.


“Antioxidant activity of isoflavones and their major metabolites using different in vitro assays.”
Rufer,-CE; Kulling,-SE.  Journal-of-agricultural-and-food-chemistry. 2006 Apr 19; 54(8): 2926-2931.

Isoflavone phytoestrogens found mainly in soybeans and clover are widely studied phytochemicals. Genistein and daidzein, the major isoflavones found in soy, have received the most attention. However, they undergo extensive metabolism in the intestine and the liver, which might affect their biological properties, e.g. their antioxidant capacities. Furthermore, the biological activities of other naturally occurring isoflavones, for instance, glycitein from soy or biochanin A from red clover, have not yet been studied in detail. The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant activities of six naturally occurring isoflavones and their corresponding oxidative and bacterial metabolites. The oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay as well as the in vitro oxidation of low density lipoproteins with the conjugated diene and the thiobarbituric acid reacting substances formation as end points were used. The oxidative metabolites of genistein and daidzein as well as equol exhibited the highest antioxidant activities in all three assays. With few exceptions, they were more effective than the positive controls quercetin and ascorbic acid. Formononetin, the 4'-O-methyl ether of daidzein, showed the lowest antioxidant property. Because the antioxidant efficacy of isoflavones as effective antioxidants is evident at concentrations well within the range found in the plasma of subjects consuming soy products, this biological activity could be of physiological relevance.


Studies Supporting the Use of Isoflavones from Kudzu Root:

“Antitumor activity of spinasterol isolated from Pueraria roots Kudzu.”
Exp Mol Med. 2005 Apr 30;37(2):111-20.  Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology/Institute of Bioscience, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Korea.

We purified phytoestrogens from Kudzu root (Pueraria mirifica from Thailand and Pueraria lobata from Korea), which is used as a rejuvenating folk medicine in Thailand and China. Dried, powdered kudzu plant material was extracted with 100% ethanol and further separated by concentration, filtration, and thin layer silica gel chromatography. Using the fractions obtained during separation, we first investigated their cytotoxicity in several cancer cell lines from various tissues. The ethanol-extracted kudzu components (PE1, PE4) had significant antiproliferative effects on breast cancer cell lines, including MCF-7, ZR-75-1, MDA-MB-231, SK-BR-3, and Hs578T. Second, we compared these results with the cytotoxic effects of known flavonoids, sterols, and coumarins from kudzu root. The known compounds were not as effective, and occurred in a different polarity region on HPLC. Third, further separation resulted in the isolation of eight different components (Sub PE-A to -H). One of these, PE-D, affected the growth of some breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, MDA- MB-231) in a dose- and time-dependent manner, as well as the growth of ovarian (2774) and cervical cancer cells (HeLa). Finally, a transfection assay showed that this kudzu component had an estrogenic effect similar to 17beta - estradiol, which activates both estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) and ERbeta. The NMR analysis determined that spinasterol is an active cytotoxic component of Kudzu root.


“Analysis of the estrogenic components in kudzu root by bioassay and high performance liquid chromatography.”
J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2005 Mar;94(4):375-81. Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 161 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, PR China.

The estrogenic activity of the Chinese herb kudzu root was investigated by a recombinant yeast screening assay (YES). Isoflavones are the main components in the plant, of which puerarin is the most abundant one. The kudzu root extract was separated into four fractions according to the polarity. The crude kudzu extract and its sub-fractions, except the water fraction, showed clear estrogenic activity. The ligand potency was used to compare the estrogenic activity of these fractions. The crude kudzu extract and its sub-fractions were further analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to correlate the activity and the active components. Bioassay and chemical analysis showed that theoretical estrogenic activity expressed as equivalent 17beta-estradiol concentration or the cumulative effects are comparable to that experimentally determined by YES. The results showed that the high kudzu content of isoflavones as well as the high estrogenic activity could make kudzu root extract an interesting candidate for hormone replacement therapy.


“In vitro estrogenic activities of Chinese medicinal plants traditionally used for the management of menopausal symptoms.”
J Ethnopharmacol. 2005 Apr 26;98(3):295-300. Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road No. 161, Dalian 116011, PR China.

The estrogenic activity of 70% EtOH extracts of 32 traditional Chinese medicinal plants, selected according to their reported efficacy for the treatment of menopausal symptoms, was assessed using a recombinant yeast system with both a human estrogen receptor expression plasmid and a reporter plasmid. Among them, 11 (34%) species proved to be active. Polygonum cuspidatum had the highest estrogenic relative potency (RP) (3.28 x 10(-3)), followed by Rheumpalmatum (3.85 x 10(-4)), Cassia obtusifolia (3.49 x 10(-4)), Polygonum multiflorum (2.87 x 10(-4)), Epimedium brevicornum (2.30 x 10(-4)), Psoralea corylifolia (1.90 x 10(-4)), Cynomorium songaricum (1.78 x 10(-4)), Belamcanda chinensis (1.26 x 10(-4)), Scutellaria baicalensis (8.77 x 10(-5)), Astragalus membranaceus (8.47 x 10(-5)) and Pueraria lobata - kudzu (6.17 x 10(-5)). The EC(50) value of 17beta-estradiol used as the positive control was 0.205+/-0.025 ng/ml (RP=100). This study gave support to the reported efficacy of Chinese medicines used for hormone replacement therapy.


“Ovulation Block by Kudzu - Pueraria mirifica: A Study of Its Endocrinological Effect in Female Monkeys.”
Endocrine. 2005 Feb;26(1):33-40. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand

Pueraria mirifica - kudzu -, a Thai herb containing phytoestrogens, may act as estrogen and disturb reproduction. To investigate the effect of kudzu on the menstrual cycle length and related hormones, nine adult female monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were separated into three groups. Each group (n = 3) was fed with 10, 100, and 1000 mg/d of kudzu for three menstrual cycles. The menstrual cycle length increased significantly in monkeys treated with kudzu -10 and kudzu -100 and disappeared completely in monkeys treated with kudzu -1000. Serum follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, estradiol, progesterone, and irinhibin were lower during the treatment period in a dose-dependent manner. Changes in menstrual cycle length and the hormonal levels recovered during the post-treatment period only in monkeys treated with kudzu -10 and kudzu -100. Kudzu greatly influences menstrual cycles and may suppress ovulation by lowering serum levels of gonadotropins.


“Long-term treatment effects of Pueraria mirifica Kudzu phytoestrogens on parathyroid hormone and calcium levels in aged menopausal cynomolgus monkeys.”
J Reprod Dev. 2004 Dec;50(6):639-45.

To determine the effect of Pueraria mirifica - kudzu - on serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcium levels on aged menopausal monkeys (Macaca fascicularis), subjects were treated with 10, 100, or 1,000 mg/day of kudzu. Blood samples were collected every 5 days for 30, 90, and 60 days during pre-treatment, treatment, and post-treatment periods, respectively. Sera were assayed for PTH, estradiol, and calcium levels. Kudzu -1,000 had the strongest effect on the decrease in PTH and calcium levels during the treatment period. PTH levels remained low for the first 15 days of the post-treatment period. Kudzu -10 induced a significant decrease in PTH level on day 80 during the treatment period and a significant decrease in calcium level on day 75. There were no changes in serum PTH and calcium levels throughout the study period in the kudzu -100 group. Estradiol levels decreased significantly during the treatment period in all treatment groups. The results suggest that long-term treatment with 1,000 mg/day of kudzu decreases serum PTH and calcium levels in aged menopausal monkeys, indicating that kudzu ameliorates bone loss caused by estrogen deficiency.


“Different effects of Pueraria mirifica Kudzu, a herb containing phytoestrogens, on LH and FSH secretion in gonadectomized female and male rats.”
J Pharmacol Sci. 2004 Dec;96(4):428-35. Epub 2004 Dec 3. Malaivijitnond S, Kiatthaipipat P, Cherdshewasart W, Watanabe G, Taya K.  Primate Research Unit, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand

To investigate the effect of Pueraria mirifica - kudzu - containing phytoestrogens on reproductive systems, both sexes of rats were gonadectomized and treated orally with 0, 10, 100, and 1,000 mg/kg BW per day of kudzu suspended in water (abbreviated as P-0, P-10, P-100, and P-1000), respectively. The treatment schedule was separated into 3 periods: pre-treatment, treatment, and post-treatment. The duration for each period was 14 days. Serum LH and FSH levels were significantly increased within 1 week after gonadectomy; and there were no changes after administration of P-0, P-10, and P-100. However, the increase of LH levels in both sexes and FSH levels in females were attenuated within 1 week after P-1,000 treatment. The attenuation of LH levels in males was smaller than that of females. The decrease of gonadotropin levels was recovered within 1 week in males and 2 weeks in females, respectively, during the post-treatment period. The increase of uterine weight and vaginal cornification were observed in female rats treated with P-100 and P-1,000, whereas only the increase of epididymis weight was found in male rats treated with P-1,000. From this study, it can be concluded that kudzu can influence the reproductive functions in both sexes of rats, but the response in females is greater than in males. kudzu seed.


“Efficacy and safety of Pueraria mirifica ( Kudzu - Kwao Kruea Khao) for the treatment of vasomotor symptoms in perimenopausal women: Phase II Study.”
J Med Assoc Thai. 2004 Jan;87(1):33-40. Lamlertkittikul S, Chandeying V.  Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hat Yai Regional Hospital, Songkhla, Thailand.

To evaluate the preliminary efficacy and safety of Pueraria mirifica - kudzu - in the treatment of vasomotor symptoms. SETTING: Hat Yai Regional Hospital, Thailand. Pre and postmenopausal women with vasomotor symptoms, such as hot flushes and night sweats. Other unpleasant symptoms, urogenital and psychological symptoms, were also evaluated. Patients were enrolled voluntarily and randomly received 50 mg or 100 mg of kudzu in capsules, once daily for six months. Of the 48 enrolled patients, 11 cases were excluded for failing to complete the initial work-up. Thirty-seven cases were evaluated. 20 of 37 (54%) randomly received a dose of 50 mg/day of Kudzu (Group A), and 17 of 37 (45%) received 100 mg/day of Kudzu (Group B). CONCLUSIONS: Kudzu Pueraria mirifica, containing phytoestrogens, relatively alleviated the climacteric symptoms in perimenopausal women. The transient negative profiles occurred in a small number of subjects that included anemia, and liver profiles. While there was a slight decrease in lipoproteins and an increase in hormonal profiles, Kudzu demonstrates great promise in the treatment of climacteric symptoms among perimenopausal women. However, optimal doses should be clinically assessed, to meet appropriate individual responses. kudzu root research kudzu plant.


“Estrogen-like effects of puerarin and total isoflavones from Pueraria lobata – Kudzu”
Zhong Yao Cai. 2002 Aug;25(8):566-8.

To study the estrogen-like effects of puerarin and total isoflavones from Pueraria lobata - kudzu - in vivo. Puerarin and kudzu were orally administrated to ovariectomized rats, infancy or adult mice and estrogen-treated mice at the doses of 150, 300 and 600 mg/kg for 5-9 days. The estrogen-like effects were measured by viginacytology and uterus or ovary weights. Puerarin and kudzu significantly promoted uterus growth in ovariectomized rats and infancy mice, increased the ratios of keratocytes in vaginal smear in ovariectomized rats. The sexual cycle was partially recovered in dose-dependent manner. In E2-treated mice, puerarin and kudzu obviously inhibited the growth of vigina induced by E2. No obvious effect was observed in normal adult mice. CONCLUSION: The results showed that puerarin and kudzu acted as weak estrogen-like effect on estrogen-deficiency animals, while no effect on normal-estrogen level ones, but as antiestrogen-like effect in high-estrogen-level ones. These results suggested that puerarin and kudzu possessed property of partial agonist of estrogen receptor. kudzu vine.


“Hypocholesterolemic effect of total isoflavones from Pueraria lobata in ovariectomized rats”
Zhong Yao Cai. 2002 Apr;25(4):273-5.

To observe the effects of total isoflavones from Pueraria lobata  - kudzu - on lipid metabolism in estrogen deficient rat. Female SD rats were bilaterally ovariectomized under anesthesia. TIP was administrated orally for 7 months. Serum lipids were determined at 1.5, 4.0 and 7.0 months, and liver lipids were detected at 7 months. CONCLUSION: TIP significantly decreased concentrations of serum TC and liver TG in OVX rats.

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BLACK COHOSH:

The University of Maryland Medical Center Report:

More than two centuries ago, Native Americans discovered that the root of the black cohosh plant (Cimicifuga racemosa) helped relieve menstrual cramps, and symptoms of menopause including hot flashes, irritability, mood swings, and sleep disturbances. Today, the roots of black cohosh are still often used for these purposes. In fact, the herb has been widely used for more than 40 years in Europe and is approved in Germany for premenstrual discomfort, painful menstruation, and menopausal symptoms.

Uses for Black Cohosh:

MENOPAUSAL SYMPTOMS:
A dozen studies or more conducted throughout the 1980s and 1990s confirm that the long-standing use of black cohosh for menopausal symptoms has scientific validity. For example, in a German study involving 629 women, black cohosh improved physical and psychological menopausal symptoms in more than 80% of the participants within four weeks. In a second study, 60 menopausal women were given black cohosh extract, conjugated estrogens, or diazepam (a leading anti-anxiety medication) for three months.

Those who received black cohosh reported feeling significantly less depressed and anxious than those who received either estrogens or diazepam. In another study, 80 menopausal women were treated for 12 weeks with black cohosh extract, conjugated estrogens, or placebo. Black cohosh improved anxiety, menopause and vaginal symptoms. In addition, the number of hot flashes dropped from 5 to less than 1 average daily occurences in the black cohosh group compared to those taking estrogen in whom hot flashes dropped from 5 to 3.5 daily occurences.

Given these examples, and results of other studies, some experts have concluded that black cohosh may be a safe and effective alternative to estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) for women who cannot or will not take ERT for menopause.

The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) reports, however, that many of these studies were poorly designed and did not evaluate the safety and effectiveness of black cohosh beyond 6 months of use. Despite this limited evidence, the ACOG still recognizes the value of black cohosh for menopausal symptoms. Until further studies are conducted, however, the ACOG recommends only short-term (less than 6 months) use of this herb for the relief of hot flashes specifically.

HOT FLASHES WITH TREATMENT FOR BREAST CANCER
Many breast cancer patients use black cohosh to ease hot flashes, a common side effect of medications used to treat breast cancer such as tamoxifen. While black cohosh may reduce the number and intensity of hot flashes in breast cancer patients, two well-designed studies recently concluded that the herb is no more effective than placebo.

In addition, although there is some debate about this, black cohosh may contain plant based estrogens, called phytoestrogens. Therefore, there is some concern that if there are phytoestrogens in black cohosh, they may stimulate the growth of breast tumors.

This idea has not been substantiated scientifically; in fact, some studies suggest that black cohosh may inhibit the growth of breast cancer cells in test tubes. Additional research is needed before conclusions can be drawn about use of black cohosh in women with a history of or risk for developing breast cancer (such as strong family history).

ARTHRITIS:
Preliminary studies also suggest that black cohosh may help reduce inflammation associated osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. In a review of scientific studies, researchers concluded that a combination of black cohosh, willow bark (Salix spp.), sarsaparilla (Smilax spp.), guaiacum (Guaiacum officinale) resin, and poplar bark (Populus tremuloides) may help relieve symptoms of osteoarthritis.

OSTEOPOROSIS:
Some experts suggest that the plant based estrogens in black cohosh, in theory, could help prevent osteoporosis. This theory has yet to be tested scientifically.

Precautions:

The use of herbs is a time-honored approach to strengthening the body and treating disease. Herbs, however, contain active substances that can trigger side effects and that can interact with other herbs, supplements, or medications. For these reasons, herbs should be taken with care, under the supervision of a practitioner knowledgeable in the field of botanical medicine.

Some individuals taking high doses of black cohosh have reported side effects including abdominal pain, diarrhea, dizziness, headaches, joint pains, nausea, slow heart rate, tremors, visual dimness, and vomiting.

It is not clear at this point whether black cohosh stimulates the growth of breast cancer cells or inhibits their growth; research to date has been limited and has produced mixed results. Women with a history of breast cancer, therefore, and those at a high risk for developing breast cancer (for example, a strong family history like a mother or sister with breast cancer) should not take black cohosh without talking to a healthcare provider.

Pregnant and breastfeeding women should avoid black cohosh as the herb may stimulate contractions and lead to premature labor.

Studies Supporting the Use of Black Cohosh:

 “Black cohosh: efficacy, safety, and use in clinical and preclinical applications.”
McKenna, D J : Jones, K : Humphrey, S : Hughes, K; Altern-Ther-Health-Med. 2001 May-Jun; 7(3): 93-100

Actaea racemosa L (formerly Cimicifuga racemosa [L] Nutt) (Ranunculaceae), commonly known as black cohosh, is an herb native to Eastern North America. Black cohosh has a history of traditional use among Native Americans for the treatment of a variety of disorders, including various conditions unique to women such as amenorrhea and menopause. Contemporary uses of black cohosh are primarily geared toward the treatment of symptoms of menopause, such as hot flashes, and menopausal anxiety and depression. Extracts also have been shown to be useful for younger women suffering hormonal deficits following ovariectomy or hysterectomy, as well as for juvenile menstrual disorders. A number of clinical studies using Remifemin, a standardized extract, have demonstrated efficacy for the alleviation of menopausal complaints. The safety profile of black cohosh is positive, with low toxicity, few and mild side effects, and good tolerability. In European phytotherapy, Remifemin is commonly prescribed as an effective alternative to hormone replacement therapy for menopause.


“Evidence for selective estrogen receptor modulator activity in a black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) extract: comparison with estradiol-17beta.”
Seidlova-Wuttke,-D; Hesse,-O; Jarry,-H; Christoffel,-V; Spengler,-B; Becker,-T; Wuttke,-W; Eur-J-Endocrinol. 2003 Oct; 149(4): 351-62

OBJECTIVE: Some phytoestrogens are believed to have selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) activity with no action in the uterus but beneficial effects in the hypothalamo/pituitary unit and in the bone and are presently the focus of clinical interest. In the present experiments, the effects of the clinically used Cimicifuga racemosa (CR) extract BNO 1055 in the uterus, in the bone and on serum luteinizing hormone (LH) were compared with the effects of estradiol-17beta (E(2)) under acute and chronic conditions in ovariectomized rats. METHODS: Ovariectomized rats were treated either acutely (6 h) or chronically (3 Months) with E(2) or the CR extract. Gene expression of some estrogen-regulated genes in the metaphysis of the tibia and the uterus was determined. Furthermore, bone mineral density was measured by quantitative computer tomography. RESULTS: When given acutely, both E(2) and the CR extract inhibited LH secretion and slightly stimulated gene expression of IGF-I, collagen-1alpha1, osteoprotegerin a nd osteocalcin (all osteoblast products), and of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP, an osteoclast product) in the metaphysis of the femur. While E(2) stimulated uterine weight and expression of progesterone receptor (PR), the complement protein (C3) and IGF-I genes, and inhibited gene expression of the estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta) in the uterus, no such effect was observed under acute CR treatment. After chronic application with pelleted food over 3 Months E(2) had profound effects in the uterus on weight and gene expression (ERbeta, PR, C3 and IGF-I) which were not seen in the CR-treated animals. Within 3 Months after ovariectomy, control rats had lost more than 50% of the metaphyseal bone mass of the tibia, an effect prevented by E(2) and partially by CR supplementation. CONCLUSIONS: These data confirm the concept that the CR extract BNO 1055 contains as yet unidentified substances with SERM properties which act in the hypothalamo/pituitary unit and in the bone but not in the uterus.

 

References:

Blumenthal M, Busse WR, Goldberg A, et al. The Complete German Commission E Monographs: Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines. Boston, Mass: Integrative Medicine Communications; 19998:90.

Blumenthal M, Goldberg A, Brinkmann J, eds. Herbal Medicine: Expanded Commission E Monographs. Newton, Mass: Integrative Medicine Communications; 2000:22-26.

Dixon-Shanies D, Shaikh N. Growth inhibition of human breast cancer cells by herbs and phytoestrogens. Oncol Rep. 1996;6(6):1383-1387.

Ernst E, Chrubasik S. Phyto–anti-inflammatories. A systematic review of randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trials. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2000;26(1):13-27.

Foster S. Black Cohosh: Cimicifuga racemosa. A literature review. HerbalGram. 1999;45:37-49.
Foster S, Tyler V. Tyler's Honest Herbal. Binghamton, NY: The Haworth Herbal Press; 2000.
Guillaume G. Postmenopausal osteoporosis and Chinese medicine. Am J Acupuncture. 1992;20(2):105-111.

Jacobson JS, Troxel AB, Evans J, et al. Randomized trial of black cohosh for the treatment of hot flashes among women with a history of breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19(10):2739-2745.

Lieberman S. A review of the effectiveness of Cimicifuga racemosa (black cohosh) for the symptoms of menopause. J Womens Health. 1998;5:525–529.

Liske E. Therapeutic efficacy and safety of Cimicifuga racemosa for gynecologic disorders. Advances in Natural Therapy. 1998;75:45-53.

McFarlin BL, Gibson MH, O'Rear J, et al. A national survey of herbal preparation use by nurse-midwives for labor stimulation. Review of the literature and recommendations for practice. J Nurse Midwifery. 1999;44(3):205–216.

McKenna DJ, Jones K, Humphrey S, Hughes K. Black cohosh: efficacy, safety, and use in clinical and preclinical applications. [Review]. Altern Ther Health Med. 2001;7(3):93-100.
Pepping J. Alternative therapies: black cohosh: Cimicifuga racemosa. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 1999;56:1400-1402.

Rotblatt M, Ziment I. Evidence-based herbal medicine. Philadelphia, PA: Hanley & Belfus, Inc.;2002:98-103.

Schulz V, Hänsel R, Tyler VE. Rational Phytotherapy. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag; 1998.
Taylor M. Alternatives to Hormone Replacement Therapy. Comprehensive Therapy. 1997;23:514–532.

Thacker HL, Booher DL. Management of perimenopause: focus on alternative therapies. Cleveland Clin J Med. 1999;66(40):213–218.

Wade C, Kronenberg F, Kelly A, Murphy PA. Hormone-modulating herbs: implications for women's health. J Am Med Womens Assoc. 1999;54(4):181-183.

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RED CLOVER:

Red Clover Extract Helps Vaginal Dryness
Estrogen-Like Effect Seen in Small Study
By Daniel J. DeNoon, WebMD Medical News

July 9, 2003 -- A red-clover extract may help symptoms of vaginal dryness in healthy, postmenopausal women.

The finding comes from a study of 29 women who took a red-clover supplement sold as Promensil by Novogen Ltd., Sydney, Australia. For eight weeks, half the women took Promensil and half took an identical looking placebo. After a two-week washout period, the women switched treatments for another eight weeks.

When the women were taking Promensil, they had less vaginal dryness. Estrogen does the same thing -- but it also increases postmenopausal cancer risk by thickening the inner layer of the uterus. The red clover supplement did not have this effect.

Malcolm Whitehead, MD, director of the gynecology/endocrinology unit at King's College Hospital, London, England, reported the results of the study at the recent annual meeting of the British Menopause Society.

"The preliminary results of this study are encouraging news for women who want to manage menopause symptoms naturally and to continue enjoying sex," Whitehead says in a news release.

According to the supplement's manufacturer, red clover is rich in four compounds -- isoflavones -- known to be biologically active. Soy contains only two of these compounds.

Whitehead and colleagues note that larger studies are needed to confirm the positive effects of red clover extract.

SOURCES: Proceedings, British Menopause Society 2003 annual meeting, research abstract. Novogen Ltd, Sydney, Australia, News Release.

© 2003 WebMD, Inc. All rights reserved.

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DONG QUAI:

From the University of Maryland Medical Center

Overview:
Dong quai ( Angelica sinensis ) root has been used for over a thousand years as a spice, tonic, and medicine in China, Korea and Japan. Although there are few definitive studies on dong quai, it is reputed to relieve constipation, increase red blood cell count (which helps treat anemia), and provide relief from menstrual disorders such as cramps, irregular menstrual cycles, infrequent periods, premenstrual syndrome (PMS), and menopausal symptoms. In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), it is used for various purposes, including reproductive, circulatory, and respiratory conditions.

Plant Description:
Dong quai grows at high altitudes in the cold, damp, mountainous regions of China, Korea, and Japan. This fragrant, perennial plant has smooth purplish stems and bears umbrella-shaped clusters of white flowers and winged fruits in July and August. The yellowish-brown thick-branched roots of the dong quai plant have several medicinal uses. It takes 3 years for the plant to reach maturity, after which the root is harvested and formulated into tablets, powders, and other medicinal forms.

Medicinal Uses and Indications:
Dong quai contains compounds that, in laboratory tests, have demonstrated activities that may prove to help reduce pain, dilate blood vessels, and stimulate and relax uterine muscles. Animal studies suggest that dong quai may treat abnormal heart rhythm, prevent accumulation of platelets in blood vessels (contributing to plaque formation -- atherosclerosis), protect the liver, promote urination, act as a mild laxative, promote sleep, and fight infection.

Scientific evidence on the use of dong quai in people is weak. The data consist primarily of laboratory and animal studies, with a few preliminary studies in people. More studies are needed to determine the herb's safety and effectiveness in humans.

Treatment:
Reports and studies of possible uses of dong quai include the following:

MENOPAUSAL SYMPTOMS -- some women report relief of symptoms such as hot flashes from this medicinal herb. However, some clinical studies to date do not support the effectiveness of dong quai for menopausal symptoms.

PMS -- studies suggest that dong quai offers some value when used in conjunction with other Chinese herbs, particularly black cohosh ( Actaea racemosa ), to treat PMS.

ANEMIA -- there are individual reports of successful treatment of anemia using dong quai, but to date no studies verify this.

HEART DISEASE -- when used in combination with Asian ginseng ( Panax ginseng ) and astragalus ( Astragalus membranaceus ), dong quai decreased symptoms of chest pain and improved exercise tolerance in a small group of people with heart disease.

STROKE -- a series of reports published in China indicate that the use of dong quai just after a stroke demonstrated a decrease in the amount of brain damage.

HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE -- reports indicate that dong quai may lower blood pressure in some people.

ULCERS -- animal studies suggest dong quai may soothe ulcers, but studies in people are needed.

Other conditions for which dong quai has been used in people, although studies are still lacking, include constipation, migraine headache, pain, and liver disorders.

Precautions:
Drinking the essential oil of dong quai is not recommended because it contains a small amount of cancer-causing substances. The amount of oil in the herb and its extracts is not significant and is not a health concern.

Dong quai should not be used by those who have chronic diarrhea or abdominal bloating.

Side Effects:
Dong quai, particularly at high doses, may increase your sensitivity to sunlight and subsequently cause skin inflammation and rashes. People taking dong quai should minimize their exposure to sunlight or use sunscreen while taking the herb.

Pregnancy and Breastfeeding:
Dong quai should not be used during pregnancy because it may affect the muscular functioning of the uterus. It should also be avoided by nursing mothers, because there is little information about its effect on the infant through breast milk.

Interactions and Depletions:
Dong quai may interact with the following medications and herbs:

WARFARIN
Dong quai may increase the potency and, therefore, potential risks of blood-thinning medications, such as warfarin. It should not be taken with these medicines unless you are under the supervision of a doctor.

HORMONE MEDICATIONS
Although there is little research on the use of dong quai with hormone medications -- such as estrogens, progesterones, oral contraceptives, tamoxifen or raloxifene -- health care providers advise against using them together, due to the possibility of adverse effects, unless you are under the supervision of a doctor.

BLOOD-THINNING HERBS
Although reported extremely rarely and not published in the scientific literature, the practice of combining dong quai with other herbs that thin the blood could possibly increase the risk of bleeding in some people. The following herbs with this potential when combined with dong quai -- and which should be used only with caution and under the supervision of a doctor include feverfew ( Tanacetum parthenium ), garlic ( Allium sativum ), ginger ( Zingiber officinale). ginkgo ( Ginkgo biloba ), ginseng ( Panax ginseng ), licorice ( Glycyrrhiza glabra ), chinese skullcap ( Scutellaria baicalensis ), turmeric ( Curcuma longa ), and herbs or medications that cause sun sensitivity

Given that dong quai may increase your sensitivity to sunlight, you should not take it with other medications or herbs, such as St. John's wort ( Hypericum perforatum ), that may cause the same reactions.

Supporting Research:

Bensky D, Gamble A. Tonifying herbs. In: Chinese Herbal Medicine: Materia Medica . Seattle, WA: Eastland Press; 1993:329-331.

Blumenthal M. Twenty-seven major botanicals and their uses in the United States. In: Eskinazi D, Blumenthal M, Farnsworth N, Riggins CW. Botanical Medicine . Larchmont, NY: Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.; 1999:18-19.

Carroll DG. Nonhormonal therapies for hot flashes in menopause. Am Fam Physician . 2006;73(3):457-64.

Chen SG, Li CC, Zhuang XX. Protective effects of Angeical sinensis injection on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in rabbits [in Chinese]. Zhonggou Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi . 1995;15(8):486-488.

Cho CH, Mei QB, Shang P, et al. Study of the gastrointestinal protective effects of polysaccharides from Angelica sinensis in rats. Planta Med . 2000;66(4):348-351.

Circosta C, Pasquale RD, Palumbo DR, Samperi S, Occhiuto F. Estrogenic activity of standardized extract of Angelica sinensis. Phytother Res . 2006;20(8):665-9.

Dai L, Hou J, Cai H. Using ligustrazini and angelica sinensis treat the bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats [in Chinese]. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi . 1996;19(1):26-28.

DerMarderosian A, ed. Dong Quai. In: Facts and Comparisons The Review of Natural Products. St. Louis, MO: Wolters Kluwer Co.: 1997.

Foster S, Tyler VE. Tyler's Honest Herbal: A Sensible Guide to the Use of Herbs and Related Remedies . 4th ed., Binghamton, NY: Haworth Herbal Press; 1999.

Fugh-Berman A. Herb-drug interactions. Lancet . 2000; 355(9198):134-138.

Hardy ML. Herbs of special interest to women. J Am Pharm Assoc . 2000;40(2):234-242.

Hirata JD, Swiersz LM, Zell B, Small R, Ettinger B. Does dong quai have estrogenic effects in postmenopausal women? A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Fertil Steril . 1997;68(6):981-986.

Israel D, Youngkin E. Herbal therapies for perimenopausal and menopausal complaints. Pharmacother . 1997:17(5):970-984.

LaValle JB, Krinsky DL, Hawkins EB, et al. Natural Therapeutics Pocket Guide . Hudson, OH:LexiComp; 2000: 425-426.

Liao JZ, Chen JJ, Wu ZM, Guo WQ, Zhao LY, Qin LM, et al. Clinical and experimental studies of coronary heart disease treated with Yi-qi Huo-xue injection. J Tradit Chin Med . 1989;9(3):193-198.

McGuffin M, Hobbs C, Upton R, Goldberg A. American Herbal Products Association's Botanical Safety Handbook. New York, NY: CRC Press; 1997.

Page RL 2nd, Lawrence JD. Potentiation of warfarin by dong quai. Pharmacother . 1999;19(7):870-876.

Peirce A. The American Pharmaceutical Association. Practical Guide to Natural Medicines . New York, NY: The Stonesong Press, Inc.; 1999.

Shaw CR. The perimenopausal hot flash: epidemiology, physiology, and treatment. Nurse Pract . 1997;22(3):55-56, 61-66.

Shi YM, Wu QZ. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in children treated with replenishing qi and tonifying kidney and the changes in thrombocyte aggregative function. [Article in Chinese]. Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 1991;11(1):14-16.

Smolinske A. Dietary supplement-drug interactions. J Am Med Womens Assoc . 1999;54(4):191-196.

Sun SW, Wang JF. Efficacy of danggui funing pill in treating 162 cases of abdominal pain. [Article in Chinese]. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 1992;12(9): 517, 531-532.

Williamson JS, Wyandt CM. An herbal update. Drug Topics . 1998;142(6):66-75.

Yang T, Jia M, Meng J, Wu H, Mei Q. Immunomodulatory activity of polysaccharide isolated from Angelica sinensis. Int J Biol Macromol . 2006;39(4-5):179-184.

Yim TK, Wu WK, Pak WF, Mak DH, Liang SM, Ko KM. Myocardial protection against ischaemia-reperfusion injury by a Polygonum multiflorum extract supplemented 'Dang-Gui decoction for enriching blood', a compound formulation, ex vivo. Phytother Res . 2000;14(3):195-199.

Zhao L. Prevention of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension with "qi-xue" injection [in Chinese]. Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao . 1990;12(1):51-55.

Zhao L, Zhang Y, Xu ZX. Clinical effect and experimental study of Xijian Tongshuan pill. [Article in Chinese]. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 1994;14(2):67, 71-73.

Zhu DPQ. Dong quai. Am J Chin Med . 1987;15(3-4):117-125.

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SCHISANDRA:

by Ray Sahelian, M.D.

Extracts from the fruits (seeds) of Schisandra chinensis L. are one of the components of medicinal preparations designed for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, liver diseases, diseases of the central nervous system related to the old age, as a supplement in the treatment of neoplasms, diabetes, etc. Schisandra extracts are also used for the production of nutraceuticals (soft drinks and health foods), preparations for oral hygiene and for the care for the skin and hair.

Schisandra is a famous tonic traditionally used by both royalty and master herbalists. It is one of the few herbs that contain the three treasures known as Jing, Qi and Shen. Traditionally used for enhancing the energy of the kidney and liver, Schisandra is known for supporting memory and sexual endurance. It is mildly calming and helps strengthen the primary energies of life. As a tonic it supports radiant beauty and overall vitality.

Schisandra Supplement Facts:
Schisandra chinensis, originally a Japanese-Manchurian endemite, yields a vegetable drug (Schisandrae fructus) with a number of very utilizable therapeutic effects. Studies indicate schisandra has hepatoprotective, adaptogenic, and antioxidative capabilities. It is obvious that a very positive therapeutic effect based on the use of a complex mixture of schisandra's principal constituents because their biological effects are complementary and potentiate each other. At the same time, some lignans (e.g. gomisin A, gomisin N) are interesting as new prospective medicines.

Components of Schisandra:
Some of the active ingredients in schisandra include dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans, schizandrin, wuweizisu A, B, C;wuweizichun A, B; wuweizi ester and schisanhenol.

Benefits of Schisandra:

ANTIOXIDANT AND LIVER PROTECTION
Schisandrin B (Sch B), an active ingredient of the fruit of Schisandra chinensis, enhances the hepatic glutathione antioxidant system in mice, as evidenced by the hepatoprotection against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) toxicity. The mechanism of hepatoprotection afforded by Sch B treatment may involve the enhancement of mitochondrial glutathione redox status.

PROTECTION OF BRAIN CELLS
Dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans from Schisandra chinensis may possess therapeutic potential against oxidative neuronal damage induced by excitotoxins.

Schisandra Research Citations

“Identification And Characterization Of Potent Cyp3a4 Inhibitors In Schisandra Fruit Extract.”
Drug Metab Dispos. 2004 Sep 1
Schisandra fruit, a Schisandraceae family herb, is used as a component in Kampo medicines (developed from Chinese medicines, but established in Japan). It can act as a sedative and antitussive, improve hepatic function, and give a general tonic effect. An extract of Schisandra fruit has been shown with a potent inhibitory effect on human liver microsomal erythromycin N-demethylation activity mediated by cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4). The present study was conducted to identify Schisandra fruit components having inhibitory effects on CYP3A4 by surveying the effect on human liver microsomal erythromycin N-demethylation activity. Known components of Schisandra fruit, gomisins B, C, G, and N and gamma-shizandrin, showed inhibitory effects on N-demethylation activity. Among these components, gomisin C displayed the most potent and competitive inhibitory effect. These results indicate that gomisin C is a mechanism-based inhibitor that not only competitively inhibits but irreversibly inactivates CYP3A4.

“Liquid chromatographic analysis of supercritical carbon dioxide extracts of Schisandra chinensis.”
J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2002 Apr 25;770(1-2):283-9.
Six major lignans (schizandrin, gomisin A, deoxyschizandrin, y-schizandrin, gomisin N, wuweizisu C) in the caulomas and leaves of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill., and cinnamic acid in the leaves of the plant, were quantitatively analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography in reversed-phase mode with UV detection.

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BACOPA MONNIERI:

“Chronic effects of Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri) on human memory.”
Roodenrys S, Booth D, Bulzomi S, Phipps A, Micallef C, Smoker J. Department of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Woolongong, Australia.

A study is reported on the effects of Brahmi (Bacopa monniera) on human memory. Seventy-six adults aged between 40 and 65 years took part in a double-blind randomized, placebo control study in which various memory functions were tested and levels of anxiety measured. There were three testing sessions: one prior to the trial, one after three months on the trial, and one six weeks after the completion of the trial. The results show a significant effect of the Brahmi on a test for the retention of new information. Follow-up tests showed that the rate of learning was unaffected, suggesting that Brahmi decreases the rate of forgetting of newly acquired information. Tasks assessing attention, verbal and visual short-term memory and the retrieval of pre-experimental knowledge were unaffected. Questionnaire measures of everyday memory function and anxiety levels were also unaffected.

PMID: 12093601 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

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CRANBERRY:

From the University of Maryland Medical Center:

Overview:
Cranberry ( Vaccinium macrocarpon ) has been used as both a food and a medicine for centuries. It is native to North America and was used by Native Americans to treat bladder and kidney diseases. Early settlers from England learned to use the berry both raw and cooked for many ailments, including appetite loss, digestive problems, blood disorders, and scurvy (vitamin C deficiency).

Cranberry is best known as a preventive treatment for urinary tract infections (UTIs), commonly caused by bacteria known as Escherichia coli ( E. coli ). Originally, scientists thought cranberry worked by making urine acidic enough to kill the bacteria. Now, studies have shown that cranberry actually prevents bacteria from attaching to the walls of the urinary tract. Valid scientific studies support the use of cranberry (taken as a supplement or as juice) for preventing -- though not treating -- UTIs.

Plant Description:
Found primarily in North America and grown in bogs, cranberry is an evergreen shrub related to blueberry, buckberry, huckleberry, and bilberry. The cranberry bush has upright branches with leaves that are speckled on the underside by tiny dots. Pink flowers blossom and red-black fruits appear during June and July.

Cranberry fruit is high in antioxidants, partly from substances called proanthocyanidins (which give cranberries their rich color). Antioxidants scavenge damaging particles in the body known as free radicals, which damage cell membranes, tamper with DNA, and even cause cell death. Antioxidants can neutralize free radicals and may reduce or even help prevent some of the damage they cause.

Cranberries are also an excellent source of vitamin C, another important antioxidant. Research is underway to determine if the antioxidant ability of cranberries will help protect against heart disease and cancer.

The ripe fruit of the cranberry is the part used in commercial and medicinal preparations.

Medicinal Uses and Indications for Cranberry:

URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS
Cranberry is used to prevent urinary tract infections of the bladder and urethra (the tube that drains urine from the bladder). Several studies indicate its effectiveness. In one study of older women, cranberry juice significantly reduced the amount of bacteria present in the bladder compared to placebo. Another study showed that younger women with a history of recurrent UTIs who took cranberry by capsule significantly reduced the recurrence of UTI compared to those who took placebo.

However, evidence suggests that cranberry is not as effective against bacteria once they have attached to cells in the urinary tract. For this reason, cranberry is more effective at preventing UTIs than treating them. Instead, UTIs should be treated with conventional antibiotics.

ULCERS
A preliminary study suggests that cranberry may also prevent the bacteria Helicobacter pylori from attaching to stomach walls. H. pylori can cause stomach ulcers, so it is possible that cranberries may eventually prove to play a role in the prevention of this condition. However, more research is needed.

HEART DISEASE
The antioxidants found in cranberry may protect from heart disease by lowering LDL ("bad") cholesterol, relaxing blood vessels, and preventing plaque from building up in arteries. However, more research is needed.

CANCER
In some test tube studies, cranberry appears to inhibit the growth of cancer cells. It is too early to say whether the herb will have the same effect in humans.

ORAL HYGIENE
Studies also suggest that cranberries may help prevent bacteria from adhering to gums and around the teeth, helping to prevent cavities. Researchers caution, however, that cranberry juice is often high in sugar and should not be used for oral hygiene.

Precautions:
The use of herbs is a time-honored approach to strengthening the body and treating disease. Herbs, however, can trigger side effects and can interact with other herbs, supplements, or medications. For these reasons, herbs should be taken with care, under the supervision of a healthcare practitioner.

Cranberry juice and supplements are generally considered safe with no serious side effects, even for pregnant women.

Cranberry contains relatively high levels of oxalate, chemicals that may increase the risk of kidney stones. People who have or have had kidney stones should talk to their doctor before taking cranberry supplements or drinking large amounts of cranberry juice.

Cranberry should not be used as a substitute for antibiotics during a UTI.

Because most cranberry juice contains added sugar, people who have diabetes should look for brands of juice that are artificially sweetened or should limit their consumption of regular juice.

Possible Interactions:
A preliminary report suggests that cranberry may interfere with the effects of the blood-thinning drug warfarin. If you take warfarin, do not take supplemental cranberry and limit your consumption of cranberry juice.

Supporting Research:

Ahuja S, Kaack B, Roberts J. Loss of fimbrial adhesion with the addition of Vaccinum macrocarpon to the growth medium of P-fimbriated Escherichia coli . J Urol . 1998;159:559-562.

Aston JL, Lodolce AE, Shapiro NL. Interaction between warfarin and cranberry juice. Pharmacotherapy . 2006 Sep;26(9):1314-9.

Avorn J, Monane M, Gurwitz JH, Glynn RJ, Choodnovskiy I, Lipsitz LA. Reduction of bacteriuria and pyuria after ingestion of cranberry juice. JAMA . 1994;271:751-754.

Bailey DT, Dalton C, Joseph Daugherty F, et al. Can a concentrated cranberry extract prevent recurrent urinary tract infections in women? A pilot study. Phytomedicine . 2007 Feb 10; [Epub ahead of print].

Bomser J, Madhavi DL, Singletary K, et al. In vitro anticancer activity of fruit extracts from Vaccinium species. Planta Med . 1996;62(3):212-216.

Burger O, Ofek I, Tabak M, et al. A high molecular mass constituent of cranberry juice inhibits helicobacter pylori adhesion to human gastric mucus. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol . 2000 Dec;29(4):295-301.

Fleet JC. New support for a folk remedy: cranberry juice reduces bacteriuria and pyuria in elderly women. Nutr Rev . 1994;52(5):168-70.

Foster S, Tyler VE. Tyler's Honest Herbal . 4th ed. New York: The Haworth Herbal Press; 1999:127-129.

Howell AB, Vorsa N, Der Marderosian A, et al. Inhibition of the adherence of P-fimbriated Escherichia coli to uroepithelial-cell surfaces by proanthocyanidin extracts from cranberries. N Engl J Med . 1998;339(15):1085-1086.

Kontiokari T, Sundqvist K, Nuutinen M, et al. Randomised trial of cranberry-lingonberry juice and Lactobacillus GG drink for the prevention of urinary tract infections in women. BMJ . 2002;322:1571-1573.

Pedersen CB, Kyle J, Jenkinson AM, et al. Effects of blueberry and cranberry juice consumption on the plasma antioxidant capacity of healthy female volunteers. Eur J Clin Nutr . 2000;54(5):405-408.

Rotblatt M, Ziment I. Evidence-Based Herbal Medicine . Philadelphia, PA: Hanley & Belfus, Inc; 2002:145-147.

Schlager TA. Effect of cranberry juice on bacteriuria in children with neurogenic bladder. J Pediatr . 1999;135:698-702.

Schmidt DR, Sobota AE. An examination of the anti-adherence activity of cranberry juice on urinary and nonurinary bacterial isolates. Microbios . 1988;55 (224-225):173-181.

Terris MK, Issa MM, Tacker JR. Dietary supplementation with cranberry tablets may increase the risk of nephrolithiasis. Urol . 2001;57:26-29.

Weiss EI, Lev-Dor R, Kashamn Y, et al. Inhibiting interspecies coaggregation of plaque bacteria with a cranberry juice constituent. J Am Dent Assoc . 1998;129(12):1719-1723.

Zafriri D, Ofek I, Adar R, et al. Inhibitory activity of cranberry juice on adherence of type 1 and type P fimbriated Escherichia coli to eucaryotic cells. Antimicrob Agents Chemother . 1989;33: 92-98.

 

 

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